{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403578236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3679640","title":"LST2A: Lexical-Syntactic Targeted Adversarial Attack for Texts","display_name":"LST2A: Lexical-Syntactic Targeted Adversarial Attack for Texts","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403578236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3679640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3627673.3679640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3679640","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069373475","display_name":"Guanghao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4549-4800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4549-4800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114337382","display_name":"Panjia Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4788-8998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panjia Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4788-8998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064674050","display_name":"Mingyuan Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9550-9237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyuan Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9550-9237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114734448","display_name":"Cen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0325-1705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0325-1705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046576694","display_name":"Yaliang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-6096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaliang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-6096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016155107","display_name":"Wenmeng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-5515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenmeng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-5515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3055,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65790876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3463","last_page":"3473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9552000164985657,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9246000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8387728929519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7453275918960571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5537784099578857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5455973148345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.36802613735198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.04565897583961487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8387728929519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7453275918960571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5537784099578857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5455973148345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.36802613735198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.04565897583961487}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3627673.3679640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3679640","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2604505099","https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W2988194011","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3023553115","https://openalex.org/W3034397670","https://openalex.org/W3034455297","https://openalex.org/W3035441470","https://openalex.org/W3035736465","https://openalex.org/W3098267758","https://openalex.org/W3099126561","https://openalex.org/W3101449015","https://openalex.org/W3103934057","https://openalex.org/W3116387889","https://openalex.org/W3158360872","https://openalex.org/W3169965252","https://openalex.org/W3210277894","https://openalex.org/W4214493665","https://openalex.org/W4225156065","https://openalex.org/W4225165463","https://openalex.org/W4229022551","https://openalex.org/W4283811884","https://openalex.org/W4366548330","https://openalex.org/W4385562585","https://openalex.org/W4385573003","https://openalex.org/W4385573354","https://openalex.org/W6600424091","https://openalex.org/W6600577311","https://openalex.org/W6600686112","https://openalex.org/W6601748698","https://openalex.org/W6729404389"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Textual":[0],"adversarial":[1,51,56,71,82,109,161,239],"attack":[2,57,173],"in":[3,27,32],"black-box":[4,100],"scenarios":[5],"is":[6,15,21,30],"a":[7,90,143],"challenging":[8],"task,":[9],"as":[10,104],"only":[11,176],"the":[12,18,42,46,49,70,78,99,126,129,135,139,152,156,164,202,206,212,231],"predicted":[13],"label":[14],"available,":[16],"and":[17,23,35,72,122,147,221],"text":[19,137],"space":[20,80],"discrete":[22],"non-differentiable.":[24],"Current":[25],"research":[26],"this":[28],"area":[29],"still":[31],"its":[33],"infancy":[34],"mostly":[36],"focuses":[37],"on":[38,61],"untargeted":[39],"attack,":[40],"lacking":[41],"capability":[43],"to":[44,65,103,159,172,190,194,201],"control":[45],"labels":[47],"of":[48,114,128,142,205],"generated":[50],"examples.":[52,83,130,218,240],"Meanwhile,":[53],"existing":[54],"textual":[55],"methods":[58],"primarily":[59],"rely":[60],"word":[62,119,153],"substitution":[63,120],"operations":[64,121],"maintain":[66],"semantic":[67,181],"similarity":[68,182],"between":[69],"original":[73],"examples,":[74,196],"which":[75],"greatly":[76],"limits":[77],"search":[79],"for":[81,98,215],"To":[84],"address":[85],"these":[86,195,216],"issues,":[87],"we":[88,132,184,210],"propose":[89],"novel":[91],"<u>L</u>exical-<u>S</u>yntactic":[92],"<u>T</u>argeted":[93],"<u>A</u>dversarial":[94],"<u>A</u>ttack":[95],"method":[96,228],"tailored":[97],"settings,":[101],"referred":[102],"LST2A.":[105],"Our":[106],"approach":[107],"involves":[108],"perturbations":[110,150,178,193,214],"at":[111,151,179],"different":[112],"levels":[113],"granularities,":[115],"i.e.,":[116],"word-level":[117,177,213],"with":[118,163,175],"syntactic-level":[123,192],"through":[124],"rewriting":[125],"syntax":[127],"Specifically,":[131],"first":[133],"embed":[134],"entire":[136],"into":[138],"embedding":[140],"layer":[141],"masked":[144],"language":[145],"model,":[146],"then":[148],"optimize":[149],"level":[154],"within":[155],"hidden":[157],"state":[158],"generate":[160],"examples":[162,168],"target":[165],"label.":[166],"For":[167],"that":[169,225],"are":[170],"difficult":[171],"successfully":[174],"higher":[180],"thresholds,":[183],"leverage":[185],"Large":[186],"Language":[187],"Model":[188],"(LLM)":[189],"introduce":[191],"making":[197],"them":[198],"more":[199,236],"vulnerable":[200,217],"decision":[203],"boundary":[204],"victim":[207],"model.":[208],"Subsequently,":[209],"re-optimize":[211],"Extensive":[219],"experiments":[220],"human":[222],"evaluations":[223],"demonstrate":[224],"our":[226],"proposed":[227],"consistently":[229],"outperforms":[230],"state-of-the-art":[232],"baselines,":[233],"crafting":[234],"smoother,":[235],"grammatically":[237],"correct":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}