{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403582725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3679556","title":"Causal Probing for Dual Encoders","display_name":"Causal Probing for Dual Encoders","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403582725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3679556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3627673.3679556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3679556","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066650027","display_name":"Jonas Wallat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1239-2067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136150","display_name":"L3S Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/039t4wk02","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210136150","https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Wallat","raw_affiliation_strings":["L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114339301","display_name":"Hauke Hinrichs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136150","display_name":"L3S Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/039t4wk02","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210136150","https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hauke Hinrichs","raw_affiliation_strings":["L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075681290","display_name":"Avishek Anand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0163-0739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avishek Anand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066650027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0911,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81880126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2292","last_page":"2303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9531000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.6786344051361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6433494091033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5906002521514893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09686452150344849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.6786344051361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6433494091033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5906002521514893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09686452150344849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3627673.3679556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3679556","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043909051","https://openalex.org/W2070246124","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2610935556","https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W2951117913","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2998702515","https://openalex.org/W3013870856","https://openalex.org/W3021397474","https://openalex.org/W3034827743","https://openalex.org/W3035241006","https://openalex.org/W3035313607","https://openalex.org/W3038033387","https://openalex.org/W3095156104","https://openalex.org/W3099700870","https://openalex.org/W3101662419","https://openalex.org/W3104235057","https://openalex.org/W3113553002","https://openalex.org/W3135053698","https://openalex.org/W3152884768","https://openalex.org/W3153594491","https://openalex.org/W3159900299","https://openalex.org/W3162404768","https://openalex.org/W3172072815","https://openalex.org/W3184918446","https://openalex.org/W3197223198","https://openalex.org/W3202070718","https://openalex.org/W4205276337","https://openalex.org/W4205460703","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4284710359","https://openalex.org/W4285127912","https://openalex.org/W4308504405","https://openalex.org/W4368304611","https://openalex.org/W4385572504","https://openalex.org/W4385572928","https://openalex.org/W4385573778","https://openalex.org/W4387559252","https://openalex.org/W4387846872","https://openalex.org/W4387946951","https://openalex.org/W4387963693","https://openalex.org/W4389821460","https://openalex.org/W4400525779","https://openalex.org/W6601532532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dual":[0],"encoders":[1,63],"are":[2,175],"highly":[3],"effective":[4],"and":[5,14,36,51,135,149,158,169],"widely":[6],"deployed":[7],"in":[8,82],"the":[9,45,58,71,133,150,180],"retrieval":[10],"phase":[11],"for":[12,64,132,185],"passage":[13],"document":[15],"ranking,":[16],"question":[17,147],"answering,":[18],"or":[19],"retrieval-augmented":[20],"generation":[21],"(RAG)":[22],"setups.":[23],"Most":[24],"dual-encoder":[25],"models":[26,29],"use":[27],"transformer":[28],"like":[30],"BERT":[31],"to":[32,39,74,92,101,109,130],"map":[33],"input":[34],"queries":[35],"output":[37],"targets":[38],"a":[40,98],"common":[41],"vector":[42],"space":[43],"encoding":[44],"semantic":[46,145],"similarity.":[47],"Despite":[48],"their":[49],"prevalence":[50],"impressive":[52],"performance,":[53],"little":[54],"is":[55],"known":[56],"about":[57],"inner":[59],"workings":[60],"of":[61,117,137,154],"dense":[62],"retrieval.":[65],"We":[66,120],"investigate":[67],"neural":[68],"retrievers":[69],"using":[70],"probing":[72,108],"paradigm":[73],"identify":[75],"well-understood":[76],"IR":[77],"properties":[78,153],"that":[79,88,113],"causally":[80],"result":[81],"ranking":[83],"performance.":[84],"Unlike":[85],"existing":[86],"works":[87],"have":[89],"probed":[90],"cross-encoders":[91],"show":[93],"query-document":[94],"interactions,":[95],"we":[96,105],"provide":[97],"principled":[99],"approach":[100],"probe":[102],"dual-encoders.":[103],"Importantly,":[104],"employ":[106],"causal":[107],"avoid":[110],"correlation":[111],"effects":[112],"might":[114],"be":[115],"artefacts":[116],"vanilla":[118],"probing.":[119],"conduct":[121],"extensive":[122],"experiments":[123],"on":[124],"one":[125],"such":[126],"dual":[127,170],"encoder":[128],"(TCT-ColBERT)":[129],"check":[131],"existence":[134],"relevance":[136],"six":[138],"properties:":[139],"term":[140],"importance,":[141],"lexical":[142],"matching":[143],"(BM25),":[144],"matching,":[146],"classification,":[148],"two":[151],"linguistic":[152],"named":[155],"entity":[156],"recognition":[157],"coreference":[159],"resolution.":[160],"Our":[161],"layer-wise":[162],"analysis":[163],"shows":[164],"important":[165],"differences":[166],"between":[167],"re-rankers":[168],"encoders,":[171],"establishing":[172],"which":[173],"tasks":[174],"not":[176],"only":[177],"understood":[178],"by":[179],"model":[181],"but":[182],"also":[183],"used":[184],"inference.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
