{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389966454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627217.3627235","title":"Evaluating Copilot on CS1 Code Writing Problems with Suppressed Specifications","display_name":"Evaluating Copilot on CS1 Code Writing Problems with Suppressed Specifications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389966454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627217.3627235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3627217.3627235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627217.3627235","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th Annual ACM India Compute Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102753853","display_name":"Varshini Venkatesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4690-8307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I338496084","display_name":"Sri Sai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkm2y61","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I338496084"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131147","display_name":"SRM University","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Varshini Venkatesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRM University, India","SSN University, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4690-8307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRM University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SSN University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I338496084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011381740","display_name":"Vaishnavi Venkatesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1169-8686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I338496084","display_name":"Sri Sai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkm2y61","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I338496084"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131147","display_name":"SRM University","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaishnavi Venkatesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRM University, India","SSN University, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1169-8686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRM University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SSN University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I338496084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090940680","display_name":"Viraj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-0141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viraj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Science, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-0141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Science, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102753853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I338496084","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8924,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89754516,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"104","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7851295471191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6248881220817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.47791749238967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.45168572664260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.43672269582748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.36783093214035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23571863770484924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7851295471191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6248881220817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.47791749238967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.45168572664260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.43672269582748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.36783093214035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23571863770484924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3627217.3627235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3627217.3627235","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th Annual ACM India Compute Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065027304","https://openalex.org/W2087229978","https://openalex.org/W2128886782","https://openalex.org/W2256015143","https://openalex.org/W2517261848","https://openalex.org/W2604713641","https://openalex.org/W2885271276","https://openalex.org/W2886585694","https://openalex.org/W2916601118","https://openalex.org/W3160638507","https://openalex.org/W4213421742","https://openalex.org/W4281669078","https://openalex.org/W4288690041","https://openalex.org/W4313477803","https://openalex.org/W4323033785","https://openalex.org/W4323037544","https://openalex.org/W4323526457","https://openalex.org/W4324138978","https://openalex.org/W4382653968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283262748","https://openalex.org/W2502773048","https://openalex.org/W1979668694","https://openalex.org/W48866389","https://openalex.org/W2117651364","https://openalex.org/W3112533414","https://openalex.org/W2490481324","https://openalex.org/W4312662746","https://openalex.org/W2364036969","https://openalex.org/W4360999614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"writing":[1,65,110],"problems":[2,66,152,187,205],"in":[3,90,198],"introductory":[4],"programming":[5],"(CS1)":[6],"courses":[7],"typically":[8],"ask":[9],"students":[10,34],"to":[11,33,41,55,79,85,96,162,179,213],"write":[12],"simple":[13],"functions":[14,135],"or":[15,53],"programs":[16],"based":[17],"on":[18,145,193],"detailed":[19],"natural-language":[20],"specifications.":[21],"These":[22],"details":[23,89,100,210],"can":[24],"be":[25],"leveraged":[26],"by":[27,206],"large":[28],"language":[29,127],"models":[30],"(LLMs),":[31],"accessible":[32],"via":[35,117],"tools":[36],"such":[37,57,151,217],"as":[38,173,177,218],"GitHub":[39,219],"Copilot,":[40],"generate":[42,163],"solutions":[43],"that":[44,67],"are":[45,51,74,83,101,115],"often":[46],"correct.":[47],"CS1":[48],"instructors":[49],"who":[50],"unwilling":[52],"unable":[54],"prohibit":[56],"usage":[58],"must":[59],"consider":[60,97,120],"variants":[61,98],"of":[62,88,107,134,143,149],"traditional":[63,108,203],"code":[64,109],"align":[68],"with":[69,172,189],"their":[70,91,137],"learning":[71],"objectives":[72],"but":[73],"more":[75],"difficult":[76],"for":[77,131],"LLMs":[78,82,216],"solve.":[80],"Since":[81],"sensitive":[84],"the":[86,105,141,155],"level":[87],"prompts,":[92],"it":[93],"is":[94,128,211],"natural":[95,126],"where":[99,124],"progressively":[102],"trimmed":[103],"from":[104,154],"specifications":[106],"problems,":[111],"and":[112,136],"consequent":[113],"ambiguities":[114],"clarified":[116],"examples.":[118],"We":[119,139],"an":[121],"extreme":[122],"variant,":[123],"all":[125],"suppressed":[129,146,170],"except":[130],"meaningful":[132],"names":[133],"arguments.":[138],"evaluate":[140],"performance":[142],"Copilot":[144,159,184],"specification":[147,171,209],"versions":[148],"153":[150],"drawn":[153],"CodeCheck":[156],"repository.":[157],"If":[158],"initially":[160],"fails":[161],"a":[164,181],"correct":[165,182],"solution,":[166],"we":[167],"augment":[168],"each":[169],"few":[174],"clarifying":[175],"examples":[176,192,197],"possible":[178],"obtain":[180],"solution.":[183],"solves":[185],"134":[186],"(87%)":[188],"just":[190],"0.7":[191],"average,":[194],"requiring":[195],"no":[196],"78":[199],"instances.":[200],"Thus,":[201],"modifying":[202],"code-writing":[204],"merely":[207],"trimming":[208],"unlikely":[212],"thwart":[214],"sophisticated":[215],"Copilot.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}