{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389256656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627793","title":"Eye and Face Tracking in VR: Avatar Embodiment and Enfacement with Realistic and Cartoon Avatars","display_name":"Eye and Face Tracking in VR: Avatar Embodiment and Enfacement with Realistic and Cartoon Avatars","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389256656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3626705.3627793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627793","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3626705.3627793","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3626705.3627793","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093401533","display_name":"Jakob Hartbrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2074-5899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Hartbrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Audiovisual Technology Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Audiovisual Technology Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019994345","display_name":"Florian Weidner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8677-3503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Weidner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lancaster University, United Kingdom and Virtual Worlds and Digital Games Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lancaster University, United Kingdom and Virtual Worlds and Digital Games Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181","https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044798860","display_name":"Christian Kunert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4187-8365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Kunert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Worlds and Digital Games Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Worlds and Digital Games Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008559961","display_name":"Alexander Raake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-1763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Raake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Audiovisual Technology Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Audiovisual Technology Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016023991","display_name":"Wolfgang Broll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7483-1550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Broll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Worlds and Digital Games Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Worlds and Digital Games Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044153263","display_name":"Stephanie Ar\u00e9valo Arboleda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5577-4407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Ar\u00e9valo Arboleda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Audiovisual Technology Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Audiovisual Technology Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093401533"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1509,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88304661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"270","last_page":"278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9592999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avatar","display_name":"Avatar","score":0.8352844715118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7626861929893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6505798101425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.6197248101234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5574288964271545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5501022934913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4732416570186615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4593755006790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.44862866401672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.42683807015419006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.33429375290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1575770378112793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777365542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83090","display_name":"Avatar","level":2,"score":0.8352844715118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7626861929893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6505798101425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.6197248101234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5574288964271545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5501022934913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4732416570186615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4593755006790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.44862866401672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.42683807015419006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.33429375290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1575770378112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3626705.3627793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627793","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3626705.3627793","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.db-thueringen.de:dbt_mods_00062503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.db-thueringen.de/receive/dbt_mods_00062503","pdf_url":"https://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dbt_derivate_00064808/979-8-4007-0921-0_2023_270-278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400120","display_name":"Common Library Network (Der Gemeinsame Bibliotheksverbund)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210149878","host_organization_name":"Verbundzentrale des GBV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10022324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10022324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3626705.3627793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627793","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3626705.3627793","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309895","display_name":"Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/03ng4kg22"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389256656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389256656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544008508","https://openalex.org/W1549044882","https://openalex.org/W2014518691","https://openalex.org/W2032464461","https://openalex.org/W2084235337","https://openalex.org/W2096822517","https://openalex.org/W2122852424","https://openalex.org/W2142824220","https://openalex.org/W2298190193","https://openalex.org/W2511084678","https://openalex.org/W2548875011","https://openalex.org/W2549023150","https://openalex.org/W2605006081","https://openalex.org/W2758220497","https://openalex.org/W2758291394","https://openalex.org/W2770761158","https://openalex.org/W2790258530","https://openalex.org/W2794385674","https://openalex.org/W2894834394","https://openalex.org/W2918141301","https://openalex.org/W2950247511","https://openalex.org/W3005627210","https://openalex.org/W3005766216","https://openalex.org/W3025066026","https://openalex.org/W3048381483","https://openalex.org/W3094151137","https://openalex.org/W3107850082","https://openalex.org/W3118914251","https://openalex.org/W3136072423","https://openalex.org/W3151386648","https://openalex.org/W3205443800","https://openalex.org/W4213084804","https://openalex.org/W4224285610","https://openalex.org/W4239078262","https://openalex.org/W4288400169","https://openalex.org/W4321488206","https://openalex.org/W4361281099","https://openalex.org/W4362452400","https://openalex.org/W4366549295","https://openalex.org/W4367662689","https://openalex.org/W6950067182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3138471234","https://openalex.org/W4247958311","https://openalex.org/W2785089443","https://openalex.org/W2265117524","https://openalex.org/W2969390373","https://openalex.org/W4312431072","https://openalex.org/W1467576422","https://openalex.org/W4220730560","https://openalex.org/W2604471456","https://openalex.org/W2371381961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"studies":[1],"have":[2],"explored":[3],"the":[4,16,36,47,84,109,168,171,179,185,211,219],"perception":[5],"of":[6,9,18,38,53,83,108,156,170,182,217,221],"various":[7],"types":[8,52],"embodied":[10],"avatars":[11,25,54],"in":[12,76,143,207],"immersive":[13],"environments.":[14],"However,":[15],"impact":[17,37],"eye":[19,39,101,117,157],"and":[20,40,46,65,87,99,102,105,118,129,147,158,166,174,184,209,224,227],"face":[21,41,103,119,159],"tracking":[22,42,104,120],"with":[23,50,68,98,176],"personalized":[24],"is":[26],"yet":[27],"to":[28,134,178],"be":[29,122],"explored.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"we":[34,130],"investigate":[35],"on":[43],"embodiment,":[44],"enfacement,":[45],"uncanny":[48],"valley":[49],"four":[51],"using":[55,80,93],"a":[56,62,72,81,88,94,135,138,199,214],"VR-based":[57],"mirroring":[58],"task.":[59],"We":[60,161,194],"conducted":[61],"study":[63],"(N=12)":[64],"created":[66],"self-avatars":[67],"two":[69],"rendering":[70],"styles:":[71],"cartoon":[73,136],"avatar":[74,78,91,141],"(created":[75,92],"an":[77,228],"generator":[79],"picture":[82],"user\u2019s":[85],"face)":[86],"photorealistic":[89],"scanned":[90,139],"3D":[95],"scanner),":[96],"each":[97],"without":[100],"respective":[106],"adaptation":[107],"mirror":[110],"image.":[111],"Our":[112],"results":[113,142],"indicate":[114],"that":[115,132],"adding":[116],"can":[121],"beneficial":[123],"for":[124,187,204,213,231],"certain":[125],"enfacement":[126,149],"scales":[127],"(belonged),":[128],"confirm":[131],"compared":[133],"avatar,":[137],"realistic":[140],"higher":[144],"body":[145],"ownership":[146],"increased":[148],"(own":[150],"face,":[151],"belonging,":[152],"mirror)":[153],"\u2014":[154],"regardless":[155],"tracking.":[160],"critically":[162],"discuss":[163],"our":[164],"experiences":[165],"outline":[167],"limitations":[169],"applied":[172],"hardware":[173],"software":[175],"respect":[177],"provided":[180],"level":[181,216],"control":[183],"applicability":[186],"complex":[188],"tasks":[189],"such":[190],"as":[191],"displaying":[192],"emotions.":[193],"synthesize":[195],"these":[196],"findings":[197],"into":[198],"discussion":[200],"about":[201],"potential":[202],"improvements":[203],"facial":[205,233],"animation":[206,234],"VR":[208],"highlight":[210],"need":[212],"better":[215],"control,":[218],"integration":[220],"additional":[222],"sensing":[223],"processing":[225],"technologies,":[226],"objective":[229],"metric":[230],"comparing":[232],"systems.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}