{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387259573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625817","title":"Iceberg Hashing: Optimizing Many Hash-Table\u00a0Criteria at Once","display_name":"Iceberg Hashing: Optimizing Many Hash-Table\u00a0Criteria at Once","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387259573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3625817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068761590","display_name":"Michael A. Bender","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7639-530X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Bender","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stony Brook University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stony Brook University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084732971","display_name":"Alex Conway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-7413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Conway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell Tech, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087023890","display_name":"Mart\u0131\u0301n Farach-Colton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-7788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mart\u00edn Farach-Colton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005111940","display_name":"William Kuszmaul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3855-3036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Kuszmaul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001892955","display_name":"Guido Tagliavini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8493-1395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600931","display_name":"Snowflake Inc. (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vrpfw15","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600931"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Tagliavini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Snowflake Inc., USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Snowflake Inc., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400600931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068761590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7761,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93809516,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-perfect-hashing","display_name":"Dynamic perfect hashing","score":0.8582395315170288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-hashing","display_name":"Linear hashing","score":0.810577929019928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.7471281886100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-hashing","display_name":"Double hashing","score":0.7198819518089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.667714536190033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-table","display_name":"Hash table","score":0.6241434216499329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-hashing","display_name":"Universal hashing","score":0.600104808807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rolling-hash","display_name":"Rolling hash","score":0.5355441570281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality-sensitive-hashing","display_name":"Locality-sensitive hashing","score":0.4265187084674835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3770943284034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0987887978553772}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122907437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318999","display_name":"Dynamic perfect hashing","level":5,"score":0.8582395315170288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36375716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553456","display_name":"Linear hashing","level":5,"score":0.810577929019928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.7471281886100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138111711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478351","display_name":"Double hashing","level":4,"score":0.7198819518089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.667714536190033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67388219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207440","display_name":"Hash table","level":3,"score":0.6241434216499329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116058348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846912","display_name":"Universal hashing","level":5,"score":0.600104808807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108546238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4228982","display_name":"Rolling hash","level":5,"score":0.5355441570281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74270461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1625299","display_name":"Locality-sensitive hashing","level":4,"score":0.4265187084674835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3770943284034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0987887978553772}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3625817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1369922885","display_name":"CCF-BSF: AF: Small: Collaborative Research: The Dictionary Problem Considered","funder_award_id":"1716252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1390987118","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1938709","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2902473203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1725543","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2963653684","display_name":"SPX: Collaborative Research: Harnessing the Power of High-Bandwidth Memory via Provably Efficient Parallel Algorithms","funder_award_id":"1725543","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3146337093","display_name":"CSR: Medium: Approximate Membership Query Data Structures in Computational Biology and Storage","funder_award_id":"1763680","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3705246756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2106999","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3868869440","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2106827","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4290510267","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2106999","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4822357672","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2118620","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5464415299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2118832","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6076212696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2106827","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6382986909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2118620","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6894402473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7097317338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSR-1763680","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7119117376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1938180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7510981485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2118832","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7964149644","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-19-2-1000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8239798060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1938709","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W188489805","https://openalex.org/W1589951627","https://openalex.org/W1602427779","https://openalex.org/W1654197113","https://openalex.org/W1663077732","https://openalex.org/W1781587470","https://openalex.org/W1972464518","https://openalex.org/W2007550813","https://openalex.org/W2008159385","https://openalex.org/W2023065712","https://openalex.org/W2038142281","https://openalex.org/W2048064086","https://openalex.org/W2059271645","https://openalex.org/W2061705660","https://openalex.org/W2071179368","https://openalex.org/W2077300005","https://openalex.org/W2083444490","https://openalex.org/W2098755772","https://openalex.org/W2109089989","https://openalex.org/W2121710299","https://openalex.org/W2129930407","https://openalex.org/W2144200930","https://openalex.org/W2163814013","https://openalex.org/W2166542473","https://openalex.org/W2169100094","https://openalex.org/W2912435829","https://openalex.org/W2912601938","https://openalex.org/W2915048431","https://openalex.org/W2962944556","https://openalex.org/W2963440401","https://openalex.org/W2963762733","https://openalex.org/W2983907339","https://openalex.org/W2989661724","https://openalex.org/W3018746117","https://openalex.org/W3125468371","https://openalex.org/W3175761629","https://openalex.org/W4214873864","https://openalex.org/W4313227240","https://openalex.org/W4316652434","https://openalex.org/W4327930453","https://openalex.org/W6770207831","https://openalex.org/W6996714094"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2184777945","https://openalex.org/W2100189723","https://openalex.org/W1870428314","https://openalex.org/W2000284985","https://openalex.org/W3030563642","https://openalex.org/W4286981687","https://openalex.org/W2293015666","https://openalex.org/W2008682098","https://openalex.org/W2253231004","https://openalex.org/W2120031510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"being":[1,125],"one":[2,41],"of":[3,18,22,36,80,93,118,209,214,249],"the":[4,16,37,72,91,94,109,129,145,155,210,250],"oldest":[5],"data":[6],"structures":[7],"in":[8,144],"computer":[9],"science,":[10],"hash":[11,45,67,111,199,244,254],"tables":[12],"continue":[13],"to":[14,49,113,120,177,196,242],"be":[15,240],"focus":[17],"a":[19,44,66,77,115,182,187],"great":[20],"deal":[21],"both":[23],"theoretical":[24],"and":[25,101,229,235],"empirical":[26],"research.":[27],"A":[28],"central":[29],"reason":[30],"for":[31,96,207,221,232,253],"this":[32],"is":[33,107,134],"that":[34,40,69,128,158,163,194,246],"many":[35,53],"fundamental":[38],"properties":[39],"desires":[42],"from":[43,181],"table":[46,68,112,245,255],"are":[47,149],"difficult":[48],"achieve":[50],"simultaneously;":[51],"thus":[52],"variants":[54],"offering":[55],"different":[56],"trade-offs":[57],"have":[58],"been":[59],"proposed.":[60],"This":[61],"article":[62],"introduces":[63,203],"Iceberg":[64,83,105,159,201],"hashing,":[65],"simultaneously":[70],"offers":[71],"strongest":[73],"known":[74],"guarantees":[75,157],"on":[76,90],"large":[78],"number":[79],"core":[81],"properties.":[82],"hashing":[84,106,160,202],"supports":[85],"constant-time":[86],"operations":[87],"while":[88,124],"improving":[89],"state":[92],"art":[95],"space":[97,156],"efficiency,":[98,100],"cache":[99],"low":[102],"failure":[103],"probability.":[104],"also":[108],"first":[110],"support":[114],"load":[116],"factor":[117],"up":[119],"1":[121],"-":[122],"o(1)":[123],"stable,":[126],"meaning":[127],"position":[130],"where":[131,147],"an":[132],"element":[133],"stored":[135],"only":[136],"ever":[137],"changes":[138],"when":[139],"resizes":[140],"occur.":[141],"In":[142],"fact,":[143],"setting":[146],"keys":[148],"\u0398":[150],"(log":[151],"n":[152,179],")":[153],"bits,":[154],"offers,":[161],"namely":[162],"it":[164],"uses":[165],"at":[166],"most":[167,211],"\\(\\log":[168],"\\binom{|U|}{n}":[169],"+":[170],"O(n":[171],"\\log":[172],"\\":[173],"\\text{log}":[174],"n)\\)":[175],"bits":[176],"store":[178],"items":[180],"universe":[183],"U":[184],",":[185],"matches":[186],"lower":[188],"bound":[189],"by":[190],"Demaine":[191],"et":[192],"al.":[193],"applies":[195],"any":[197,243],"stable":[198],"table.":[200],"new":[204],"general-purpose":[205],"techniques":[206,231],"some":[208],"basic":[212],"aspects":[213],"hash-table":[215],"design.":[216,256],"Notably,":[217],"our":[218,230],"indirection-free":[219],"technique":[220],"dynamic":[222],"resizing,":[223],"which":[224],"we":[225],"call":[226],"waterfall":[227],"addressing,":[228],"achieving":[233],"stability":[234],"very-high":[236],"probability":[237],"guarantees,":[238],"can":[239],"applied":[241],"makes":[247],"use":[248],"front-yard/backyard":[251],"paradigm":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
