{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386998312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625547","title":"ProActive DeepFake Detection using GAN-based Visible Watermarking","display_name":"ProActive DeepFake Detection using GAN-based Visible Watermarking","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386998312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625547"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3625547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625547","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3625547","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3625547","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013534765","display_name":"Aakash Varma Nadimpalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7254-3207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39587148","display_name":"Wichita State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4e7y75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aakash Varma Nadimpalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wichita State University, Wichita, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7254-3207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wichita State University, Wichita, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081904333","display_name":"Ajita Rattani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1541-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajita Rattani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Texas, Denton, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1541-8202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas, Denton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9507,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97424071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"11","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8942378759384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.6964704394340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3443829417228699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3272426128387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32285094261169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3180226981639862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.09144678711891174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8942378759384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6964704394340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3443829417228699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3272426128387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32285094261169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3180226981639862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.09144678711891174}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3625547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625547","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3625547","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3625547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3625547","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3625547","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7548903914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13106715","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386998312.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386998312.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2150283722","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2579318729","https://openalex.org/W2768626898","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2935349488","https://openalex.org/W2952608669","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963626105","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2984529706","https://openalex.org/W2989851933","https://openalex.org/W3006625877","https://openalex.org/W3034196597","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3034900344","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3094728142","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3108854358","https://openalex.org/W3112912401","https://openalex.org/W3119182190","https://openalex.org/W3127084502","https://openalex.org/W3143336910","https://openalex.org/W3147623634","https://openalex.org/W3174076045","https://openalex.org/W3174508664","https://openalex.org/W3175133087","https://openalex.org/W3175342695","https://openalex.org/W3190501006","https://openalex.org/W3202868197","https://openalex.org/W4224052491","https://openalex.org/W4224991903","https://openalex.org/W4226333682","https://openalex.org/W4285604433","https://openalex.org/W4288102863","https://openalex.org/W4298426053","https://openalex.org/W4312655774","https://openalex.org/W4316925081","https://openalex.org/W4385466340","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6848871039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361629745","https://openalex.org/W2107922825","https://openalex.org/W3094285444","https://openalex.org/W1568204688","https://openalex.org/W2381262728","https://openalex.org/W2111592878","https://openalex.org/W1846726187","https://openalex.org/W1593964766","https://openalex.org/W2387614453","https://openalex.org/W2365808414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,23,37,49,60,91,96,128,138,142,152,155,166,179,182,199,207,227],"advances":[2],"in":[3,35,40],"generative":[4],"adversarial":[5],"networks":[6],"(GAN),":[7],"facial":[8],"manipulations":[9],"called":[10],"DeepFakes":[11,164,201],"have":[12],"caused":[13],"major":[14],"security":[15],"risks":[16],"and":[17,33,85,95,185],"raised":[18],"severe":[19],"societal":[20],"concerns.":[21],"However,":[22],"popular":[24],"DeepFake":[25,55,111,193,209,218],"passive":[26],"detection":[27,112,169],"is":[28,105,212],"an":[29],"ex-post":[30],"forensics":[31],"countermeasure":[32],"fails":[34],"blocking":[36],"disinformation":[38],"spread":[39],"advance.":[41],"Alternatively,":[42],"precautions":[43],"such":[44],"as":[45,65,158],"adding":[46],"perturbations":[47],"to":[48,90,106,127,137,226],"real":[50,93],"data":[51,94,239],"for":[52,192,195,214,222],"unnatural":[53],"distorted":[54,97],"output":[56],"easily":[57,78],"spotted":[58],"by":[59,80,170,206],"human":[61,171,232],"eyes":[62],"are":[63,220],"introduced":[64],"proactive":[66,74,110,160],"defenses.":[67],"Recent":[68],"studies":[69],"suggest":[70],"that":[71,132],"these":[72],"existing":[73],"defenses":[75],"can":[76,202],"be":[77,204],"bypassed":[79],"employing":[81],"simple":[82],"image":[83],"transformation":[84],"reconstruction":[86],"techniques":[87],"when":[88],"applied":[89],"perturbed":[92],"output,":[98],"respectively.":[99],"The":[100],"aim":[101],"of":[102,141,154,168,181,238],"this":[103,119],"article":[104],"propose":[107,122],"a":[108,123,134,159,235],"novel":[109],"technique":[113],"using":[114],"GAN-based":[115],"visible":[116],"watermarking.":[117],"To":[118],"front,":[120],"we":[121],"reconstructive":[124],"regularization":[125],"added":[126],"GAN\u2019s":[129],"loss":[130],"function":[131],"embeds":[133],"unique":[135],"watermark":[136],"assigned":[139],"location":[140],"generated":[143],"fake":[144],"image.":[145],"Thorough":[146],"experiments":[147],"on":[148],"multiple":[149],"datasets":[150],"confirm":[151],"viability":[153],"proposed":[156,175],"approach":[157],"defense":[161],"mechanism":[162],"against":[163],"from":[165],"perspective":[167],"eyes.":[172],"Thus,":[173],"our":[174],"watermark-based":[176],"GANs":[177,184],"prevent":[178],"abuse":[180],"pretrained":[183],"smartphone":[186],"apps,":[187],"available":[188],"via":[189],"online":[190],"repositories,":[191],"creation":[194],"malicious":[196],"purposes.":[197],"Further,":[198],"watermarked":[200],"also":[203],"detected":[205],"SOTA":[208],"detectors.":[210],"This":[211],"critical":[213],"applications":[215],"where":[216],"automatic":[217],"detectors":[219],"used":[221],"mass":[223],"audits":[224],"due":[225],"huge":[228],"cost":[229],"associated":[230],"with":[231],"observers":[233],"examining":[234],"large":[236],"amount":[237],"manually.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
