{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386889431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624745","title":"Search-Based Software Testing Driven by Automatically Generated and Manually Defined Fitness Functions","display_name":"Search-Based Software Testing Driven by Automatically Generated and Manually Defined Fitness Functions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386889431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3624745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624745","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3624745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3624745","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069902157","display_name":"Federico Formica","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3033-7371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Formica","raw_affiliation_strings":["McMaster University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3033-7371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McMaster University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005796372","display_name":"Tony Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8567-2611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["McMaster University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8567-2611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McMaster University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018466538","display_name":"Claudio Menghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5303-8481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11039511","display_name":"University of Bergamo","ror":"https://ror.org/02mbd5571","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Menghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergamo, Italy and McMaster University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5303-8481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergamo, Italy and McMaster University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11039511","https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4218,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97215059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.7884517908096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7700990438461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6745027303695679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5328550934791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.48523616790771484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.478268027305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-based-software-engineering","display_name":"Search-based software engineering","score":0.4513125717639923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.43393343687057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36420342326164246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3629467487335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.358938992023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.35020673274993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2539251744747162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.1929551362991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.10358041524887085}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.7884517908096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7700990438461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6745027303695679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5328550934791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.48523616790771484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.478268027305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139143892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7441615","display_name":"Search-based software engineering","level":5,"score":0.4513125717639923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.43393343687057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36420342326164246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3629467487335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.358938992023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.35020673274993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2539251744747162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.1929551362991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.10358041524887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3624745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624745","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3624745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aisberg.unibg.it:10446/262251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10446/262251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196347","display_name":"Aisberg (University of Bergamo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11039511","host_organization_name":"University of Bergamo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3624745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624745","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3624745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2614460161","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G54800691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"04622","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8124829272","display_name":"Saint Mary's University Application to EDI Stipend","funder_award_id":"crces-2022-00040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8707758390","display_name":"Automated Support for Cyber-Physical Systems Design: from Theory to Practice","funder_award_id":"rgpin-2022-04622","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311526","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314000","display_name":"Compute Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/03ty8yr27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386889431.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386889431.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198216027","https://openalex.org/W1506101803","https://openalex.org/W1521939022","https://openalex.org/W1533557569","https://openalex.org/W1547304883","https://openalex.org/W1575241709","https://openalex.org/W1597602744","https://openalex.org/W1750724336","https://openalex.org/W1965335252","https://openalex.org/W1973763043","https://openalex.org/W2017545286","https://openalex.org/W2049399166","https://openalex.org/W2056605754","https://openalex.org/W2063763208","https://openalex.org/W2063881908","https://openalex.org/W2066303853","https://openalex.org/W2068619069","https://openalex.org/W2076375575","https://openalex.org/W2077571245","https://openalex.org/W2096466766","https://openalex.org/W2110337982","https://openalex.org/W2110899206","https://openalex.org/W2112656403","https://openalex.org/W2113923750","https://openalex.org/W2131399618","https://openalex.org/W2138428785","https://openalex.org/W2153803621","https://openalex.org/W2156937545","https://openalex.org/W2158586961","https://openalex.org/W2229094708","https://openalex.org/W2306286809","https://openalex.org/W2334693167","https://openalex.org/W2488653541","https://openalex.org/W2495601248","https://openalex.org/W2528041244","https://openalex.org/W2556282465","https://openalex.org/W2586946380","https://openalex.org/W2597070792","https://openalex.org/W2621540998","https://openalex.org/W2725449579","https://openalex.org/W2767470376","https://openalex.org/W2775678306","https://openalex.org/W2785772544","https://openalex.org/W2790397622","https://openalex.org/W2807430108","https://openalex.org/W2822262990","https://openalex.org/W2884894912","https://openalex.org/W2888483609","https://openalex.org/W2888495597","https://openalex.org/W2892044642","https://openalex.org/W2894037591","https://openalex.org/W2903691810","https://openalex.org/W2911918032","https://openalex.org/W2921981915","https://openalex.org/W2924194299","https://openalex.org/W2932283278","https://openalex.org/W2938071025","https://openalex.org/W2956307842","https://openalex.org/W2956781682","https://openalex.org/W2957066083","https://openalex.org/W2963199590","https://openalex.org/W2966914448","https://openalex.org/W2970679500","https://openalex.org/W2971209364","https://openalex.org/W2972486407","https://openalex.org/W2978342210","https://openalex.org/W2978630908","https://openalex.org/W2982365423","https://openalex.org/W3002440596","https://openalex.org/W3006974147","https://openalex.org/W3010924044","https://openalex.org/W3016641541","https://openalex.org/W3023131782","https://openalex.org/W3045969662","https://openalex.org/W3047097081","https://openalex.org/W3047631670","https://openalex.org/W3049414011","https://openalex.org/W3081699271","https://openalex.org/W3089624132","https://openalex.org/W3103158293","https://openalex.org/W3105178636","https://openalex.org/W3106539157","https://openalex.org/W3135005174","https://openalex.org/W3147331290","https://openalex.org/W3153098386","https://openalex.org/W3157648907","https://openalex.org/W3175026797","https://openalex.org/W3183336182","https://openalex.org/W3185643228","https://openalex.org/W3188410362","https://openalex.org/W3197998503","https://openalex.org/W3200756649","https://openalex.org/W4200573247","https://openalex.org/W4205523729","https://openalex.org/W4282549856","https://openalex.org/W4284682233","https://openalex.org/W4289978008","https://openalex.org/W4312122091","https://openalex.org/W4321359614","https://openalex.org/W4381853525","https://openalex.org/W4384024444","https://openalex.org/W4393537604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164098295","https://openalex.org/W3046456614","https://openalex.org/W2076269938","https://openalex.org/W2104235163","https://openalex.org/W4294754599","https://openalex.org/W4388579651","https://openalex.org/W2003350190","https://openalex.org/W2118743872","https://openalex.org/W2039681720","https://openalex.org/W3091284975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Search-based":[0],"software":[1,15],"testing":[2],"(SBST)":[3],"typically":[4],"relies":[5],"on":[6],"fitness":[7,24,28,41,88],"functions":[8,89],"to":[9,22,56,68,173],"guide":[10,57],"the":[11,32,35,53,58,63,74,145,148,154,180,186],"search":[12,59],"exploration":[13],"toward":[14,60],"failures.":[16,70],"There":[17],"are":[18],"two":[19,174],"main":[20],"techniques":[21,45],"define":[23],"functions:":[25],"(a)":[26],"automated":[27],"function":[29,42],"computation":[30],"from":[31,52,92,126,179,185],"specification":[33],"of":[34,62,109,124,151],"system":[36,54],"requirements,":[37],"and":[38,95,103,143,153,183],"(b)":[39],"manual":[40],"design.":[43],"Both":[44],"have":[46],"advantages.":[47],"The":[48,71],"former":[49],"uses":[50,73],"information":[51],"requirements":[55,93],"portions":[61],"input":[64],"domain":[65,76,182],"more":[66,135],"likely":[67],"contain":[69],"latter":[72],"engineers\u2019":[75],"knowledge.":[77],"We":[78,101,116,161],"propose":[79],"ATheNA":[80,110],",":[81,106],"a":[82,121,196],"novel":[83],"SBST":[84],"framework":[85],"that":[86,111,132,144,192],"combines":[87],"automatically":[90],"generated":[91],"specifications":[94],"those":[96],"manually":[97],"defined":[98],"by":[99,119],"engineers.":[100],"design":[102],"implement":[104],"ATheNA-S":[105,118,133,152,165,193],"an":[107],"instance":[108],"targets":[112],"Simulink":[113],"\u00ae":[114],"models.":[115],"evaluate":[117],"considering":[120],"large":[122],"set":[123],"models":[125],"different":[127],"domains.":[128],"Our":[129,189],"results":[130,190],"show":[131,191],"generates":[134],"failure-revealing":[136,168],"test":[137,169],"cases":[138,170],"than":[139],"existing":[140],"baseline":[141,155],"tools":[142,156],"difference":[146],"between":[147],"runtime":[149],"performance":[150],"is":[157],"not":[158],"statistically":[159],"significant.":[160],"also":[162],"assess":[163],"whether":[164],"could":[166],"generate":[167],"when":[171],"applied":[172],"representative":[175],"case":[176,201],"studies:":[177],"one":[178,184],"automotive":[181],"medical":[187],"domain.":[188],"successfully":[194],"revealed":[195],"requirement":[197],"violation":[198],"in":[199],"our":[200],"studies.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
