{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389109226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624354.3630586","title":"Making Sense of Constellations: Methodologies for Understanding Starlink's Scheduling Algorithms","display_name":"Making Sense of Constellations: Methodologies for Understanding Starlink's Scheduling Algorithms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389109226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624354.3630586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3624354.3630586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624354.3630586","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3624354.3630586","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion of the 19th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3624354.3630586","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058115971","display_name":"Hammas Bin Tanveer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1724-8696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hammas Bin Tanveer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1724-8696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092400957","display_name":"Mike Puchol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3545-7788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Puchol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google X, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3545-7788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google X, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071694147","display_name":"Rachee Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8118-3026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachee Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8118-3026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028194244","display_name":"Antonio Bianchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2862-5286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Bianchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2862-5286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046944830","display_name":"Rishab Nithyanand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-1353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishab Nithyanand","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-1353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":46.8619,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99835437,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"37","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6971874833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.6942961812019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6105228662490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.5480771064758301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4564109444618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.4459536373615265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43587034940719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4294492304325104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4270585775375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19662907719612122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13748043775558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12424248456954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.09223368763923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.08637982606887817}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6971874833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.6942961812019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6105228662490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.5480771064758301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4564109444618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.4459536373615265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43587034940719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4294492304325104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4270585775375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19662907719612122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13748043775558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12424248456954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.09223368763923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.08637982606887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3624354.3630586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624354.3630586","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3624354.3630586","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion of the 19th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3624354.3630586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3624354.3630586","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3624354.3630586","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion of the 19th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2327584254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1953983","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6850216165","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Medium: Collaborative: Studying the Impact of IPv6 on Information Controls and Censorship Circumvention","funder_award_id":"1953983","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389109226.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389109226.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2819252821","https://openalex.org/W2900729845","https://openalex.org/W2989311176","https://openalex.org/W2992104126","https://openalex.org/W2992876274","https://openalex.org/W3013468015","https://openalex.org/W3093476542","https://openalex.org/W3160217105","https://openalex.org/W4280571480","https://openalex.org/W4293094626","https://openalex.org/W4307020315","https://openalex.org/W4307020409","https://openalex.org/W4307020413","https://openalex.org/W4310154728","https://openalex.org/W4324009507","https://openalex.org/W4386260517","https://openalex.org/W4403428004"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385787340","https://openalex.org/W4224313018","https://openalex.org/W2394459062","https://openalex.org/W2392670398","https://openalex.org/W4221033466","https://openalex.org/W2355913771","https://openalex.org/W4225291832","https://openalex.org/W3209202847","https://openalex.org/W2377622301","https://openalex.org/W4207072648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Starlink":[0,34],"constellations":[1],"are":[2,64],"currently":[3],"the":[4,14,77,80,85,89,115,118],"largest":[5],"LEO":[6],"WAN":[7],"and":[8,23,44,83,128,134],"have":[9],"seen":[10],"considerable":[11],"interest":[12],"from":[13],"research":[15],"community.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18,73,98],"paper,":[19],"we":[20,75,96],"use":[21,97],"high-frequency":[22],"high-fidelity":[24],"measurements":[25],"to":[26,42,66,93,100,113,121],"uncover":[27],"evidence":[28],"of":[29,51,79,91,117],"hierarchical":[30],"traffic":[31],"controllers":[32],"in":[33],"--":[35],"a":[36,57,102,122,125,136],"global":[37,81,107],"controller":[38,47,82],"which":[39,104],"allocates":[40],"satellites":[41,63,92],"terminals":[43],"an":[45],"on-satellite":[46],"that":[48,87],"schedules":[49],"transmission":[50],"user":[52,67],"flows.":[53],"We":[54],"then":[55],"devise":[56],"novel":[58],"approach":[59],"for":[60],"identifying":[61],"how":[62],"allocated":[65,120],"terminals.":[68,94],"Using":[69],"data":[70,99],"gathered":[71],"with":[72,130],"approach,":[74],"measure":[76],"characteristics":[78,116],"identify":[84],"factors":[86],"influence":[88],"allocation":[90],"Finally,":[95],"build":[101],"model":[103,110],"approximates":[105],"Starlink's":[106],"scheduler.":[108],"Our":[109],"is":[111],"able":[112],"predict":[114],"satellite":[119],"terminal":[123],"at":[124,135],"specific":[126],"location":[127],"time":[129],"reasonably":[131],"high":[132],"accuracy":[133],"rate":[137],"significantly":[138],"higher":[139],"than":[140],"baseline.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}