{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386502612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3623393.3623391","title":"Creating the First Confidential GPUs","display_name":"Creating the First Confidential GPUs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386502612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3623393.3623391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3623393.3623391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3623393.3623391","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3623393.3623391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45584542","display_name":"Queue","issn_l":"1542-7730","issn":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Queue","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3623393.3623391","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092767969","display_name":"Gobikrishna Dhanuskodi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gobikrishna Dhanuskodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114080431","display_name":"Sudeshna Guha","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudeshna Guha","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042656826","display_name":"Vidhya Krishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6316-8229"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vidhya Krishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111036259","display_name":"Aruna Manjunatha","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aruna Manjunatha","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026938110","display_name":"Michael B. O\u2019Connor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8047-1221"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael O'Connor","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092767970","display_name":"Rob Nertney","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rob Nertney","raw_affiliation_strings":["CUDA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CUDA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044625373","display_name":"Phil Rogers","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phil Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9467,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91183416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"68","last_page":"93"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.8195000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.8195000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.8181999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7422000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7848601341247559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.7396416068077087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.7242989540100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.6286786198616028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","score":0.5330836772918701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-hardware","display_name":"Graphics hardware","score":0.5250610709190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5028049945831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.42655906081199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.3456505537033081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7848601341247559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.7396416068077087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.7242989540100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.6286786198616028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50630238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971505","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","level":3,"score":0.5330836772918701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18945957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597193","display_name":"Graphics hardware","level":3,"score":0.5250610709190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5028049945831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.42655906081199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.3456505537033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3623393.3623391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3623393.3623391","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3623393.3623391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45584542","display_name":"Queue","issn_l":"1542-7730","issn":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Queue","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3623393.3623391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3623393.3623391","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3623393.3623391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45584542","display_name":"Queue","issn_l":"1542-7730","issn":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Queue","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386502612.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386502612.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963859303","https://openalex.org/W2364044215","https://openalex.org/W2389600408","https://openalex.org/W240129890","https://openalex.org/W3048701459","https://openalex.org/W2149078538","https://openalex.org/W2080146221","https://openalex.org/W2370314112","https://openalex.org/W1912958759","https://openalex.org/W2792081825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today's":[0],"datacenter":[1],"GPU":[2],"has":[3],"a":[4,42],"long":[5,65],"and":[6,18,26,30,68,80,100],"storied":[7],"3D":[8,55],"graphics":[9,14],"heritage.":[10],"In":[11,33,86],"the":[12,37,48,51,94,108],"1990s,":[13],"chips":[15],"for":[16,23,66,98,111],"PCs":[17],"consoles":[19],"had":[20],"fixed":[21],"pipelines":[22],"geometry,":[24],"rasterization,":[25],"pixels":[27],"using":[28],"integer":[29],"fixed-point":[31],"arithmetic.":[32],"1999,":[34],"NVIDIA":[35,103],"invented":[36],"modern":[38],"GPU,":[39],"which":[40,106],"put":[41],"set":[43],"of":[44,50],"programmable":[45],"cores":[46],"at":[47,92],"heart":[49],"chip,":[52],"enabling":[53],"rich":[54],"scene":[56],"generation":[57],"with":[58],"great":[59],"efficiency.":[60],"It":[61],"did":[62],"not":[63],"take":[64],"developers":[67],"researchers":[69],"to":[70],"realize":[71],"'I":[72],"could":[73],"run":[74],"compute":[75,96],"on":[76,114],"those":[77],"parallel":[78],"cores,":[79],"it":[81],"would":[82],"be":[83],"blazing":[84],"fast.'":[85],"2004,":[87],"Ian":[88],"Buck":[89],"created":[90,104],"Brook":[91],"Stanford,":[93],"first":[95],"library":[97],"GPUs,":[99],"in":[101],"2006,":[102],"CUDA,":[105],"is":[107],"gold":[109],"standard":[110],"accelerated":[112],"computing":[113],"GPUs":[115],"today.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
