{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395116679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620666.3651387","title":"Merlin: Multi-tier Optimization of eBPF Code for Performance and Compactness","display_name":"Merlin: Multi-tier Optimization of eBPF Code for Performance and Compactness","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395116679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620666.3651387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3620666.3651387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620666.3651387","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 3","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620666.3651387","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045619516","display_name":"Jinsong Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0663-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinsong Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0663-3043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041636373","display_name":"Hailun Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5190-339X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailun Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5190-339X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071575216","display_name":"Juan Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5017-8016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5017-8016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101594068","display_name":"Shiqing Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-8948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiqing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-8948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045619516"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2179,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96527691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"639","last_page":"653"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merlin","display_name":"Merlin (protein)","score":0.7228158116340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6832314729690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5096282958984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4876662492752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compact-space","display_name":"Compact space","score":0.4841371476650238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15042182803153992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.100798100233078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08709153532981873}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178628643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410233","display_name":"Merlin (protein)","level":4,"score":0.7228158116340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6832314729690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5096282958984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4876662492752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18648836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381892","display_name":"Compact space","level":2,"score":0.4841371476650238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15042182803153992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.100798100233078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08709153532981873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179185449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219699","display_name":"Suppressor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3620666.3651387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620666.3651387","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 3","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3620666.3651387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620666.3651387","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 3","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1865040260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TrojAI W911NF-19-S-0012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333051","funder_display_name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3763956660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2319944","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6897929834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2342250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333051","display_name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity","ror":"https://ror.org/01v3fsc55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W1525215176","https://openalex.org/W2028800816","https://openalex.org/W2054572543","https://openalex.org/W2068219251","https://openalex.org/W2092576944","https://openalex.org/W2101578807","https://openalex.org/W2102890180","https://openalex.org/W2579106964","https://openalex.org/W2747669027","https://openalex.org/W2766852928","https://openalex.org/W2896149153","https://openalex.org/W2896320468","https://openalex.org/W2898471596","https://openalex.org/W2974742226","https://openalex.org/W2978019044","https://openalex.org/W2987606295","https://openalex.org/W3094827892","https://openalex.org/W3119678735","https://openalex.org/W3128928115","https://openalex.org/W3137686326","https://openalex.org/W3158712642","https://openalex.org/W3188815792","https://openalex.org/W3209537220","https://openalex.org/W4220822401","https://openalex.org/W4230703976","https://openalex.org/W4286203032","https://openalex.org/W4301455809","https://openalex.org/W4312221916","https://openalex.org/W4321592829","https://openalex.org/W4327911843","https://openalex.org/W4365799995","https://openalex.org/W4366493286","https://openalex.org/W4380143024","https://openalex.org/W4381611552","https://openalex.org/W4384471250","https://openalex.org/W6764791836"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1968661068","https://openalex.org/W2808424323","https://openalex.org/W2289963763","https://openalex.org/W433768740","https://openalex.org/W2038166529","https://openalex.org/W4210720695","https://openalex.org/W2395530723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"eBPF":[0,30,56,68,123,153],"(extended":[1],"Berkeley":[2],"Packet":[3],"Filter)":[4],"significantly":[5],"enhances":[6],"observability,":[7],"performance,":[8],"and":[9,95,103,115,139,141,147,175,193,209,214],"security":[10],"within":[11],"the":[12,63,134,163,182,189,195],"Linux":[13,135],"kernel,":[14,136],"playing":[15],"a":[16,25,32,44],"pivotal":[17],"role":[18],"in":[19,79],"various":[20],"real-world":[21],"applications.":[22],"Implemented":[23],"as":[24],"register-based":[26],"kernel":[27,40,164],"virtual":[28],"machine,":[29],"features":[31],"customized":[33,92],"Instruction":[34,99],"Set":[35],"Architecture":[36],"(ISA)":[37],"with":[38,181],"stringent":[39],"safety":[41],"requirements,":[42],"e.g.,":[43],"limited":[45],"number":[46,170],"of":[47,65,171],"instructions.":[48],"This":[49],"constraint":[50],"necessitates":[51],"substantial":[52],"optimization":[53,76,89,110],"efforts":[54],"for":[55,98],"programs":[57,131,161,217],"to":[58,200,212],"meet":[59],"performance":[60],"objectives.":[61],"Despite":[62],"availability":[64],"compilers":[66],"supporting":[67],"program":[69],"compilation,":[70],"existing":[71],"tools":[72],"often":[73],"overlook":[74],"key":[75],"opportunities,":[77],"resulting":[78],"suboptimal":[80],"performance.":[81],"In":[82],"response,":[83],"this":[84],"paper":[85],"introduces":[86],"Merlin,":[87],"an":[88],"framework":[90],"leveraging":[91],"LLVM":[93],"passes":[94],"bytecode":[96,104],"rewriting":[97],"Representation":[100],"(IR)":[101],"transformation":[102],"refinement.":[105],"Merlin":[106,127,167,185],"employs":[107],"two":[108],"primary":[109],"strategies,":[111],"i.e.,":[112],"instruction":[113],"merging":[114],"strength":[116],"reduction.":[117],"These":[118],"optimizations":[119],"are":[120],"deployed":[121],"before":[122],"verification.":[124,165],"We":[125],"evaluate":[126],"across":[128],"19":[129],"XDP":[130],"(drawn":[132],"from":[133],"Meta,":[137],"hXDP,":[138],"Cilium)":[140],"three":[142],"eBPF-based":[143],"systems":[144],"(Sysdig,":[145],"Tetragon,":[146],"Tracee,":[148],"each":[149],"comprising":[150],"several":[151],"hundred":[152],"programs).":[154],"The":[155],"results":[156],"show":[157],"that":[158],"all":[159],"optimized":[160],"pass":[162],"Meanwhile,":[166],"can":[168,186],"reduce":[169,194],"instructions":[172],"by":[173,178,191,197],"73%":[174],"runtime":[176],"overhead":[177],"60%":[179],"compared":[180,199],"original":[183],"programs.":[184],"also":[187],"improve":[188],"throughput":[190],"0.59%":[192],"latency":[196],"5.31%,":[198],"state-of-the-art":[201],"technique":[202],"K2,":[203],"while":[204],"being":[205],"106":[206],"times":[207],"faster":[208],"more":[210,215],"scalable":[211],"larger":[213],"complex":[216],"without":[218],"additional":[219],"manual":[220],"efforts.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
