{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394999098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620665.3640415","title":"FOCAL: A First-Order Carbon Model to Assess Processor Sustainability","display_name":"FOCAL: A First-Order Carbon Model to Assess Processor Sustainability","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394999098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620665.3640415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3620665.3640415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620665.3640415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033119975","display_name":"Lieven Eeckhout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-4473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lieven Eeckhout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University, Gent, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033119975"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95548898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"401","last_page":"415"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon footprint","score":0.7916872501373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.7572027444839478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.702860951423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-footprint","display_name":"Ecological footprint","score":0.6462374329566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.48819953203201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-computing","display_name":"Green computing","score":0.4795653223991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.3689810633659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33974480628967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.1957581341266632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15231278538703918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12246459722518921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.7916872501373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.7572027444839478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.702860951423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83516724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234173","display_name":"Ecological footprint","level":3,"score":0.6462374329566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.48819953203201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75027835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064746","display_name":"Green computing","level":3,"score":0.4795653223991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3689810633659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33974480628967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.1957581341266632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15231278538703918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12246459722518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3620665.3640415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3620665.3640415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01JX2DC4QCHYPVPV61H68RAY0T","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01JX2DC4QCHYPVPV61H68RAY0T","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISBN: 9798400703850","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1313632636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"741097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964471912","https://openalex.org/W2002044167","https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2023465818","https://openalex.org/W2070525241","https://openalex.org/W2079942837","https://openalex.org/W2088230323","https://openalex.org/W2099714261","https://openalex.org/W2100346277","https://openalex.org/W2110860124","https://openalex.org/W2112085716","https://openalex.org/W2116175063","https://openalex.org/W2122920290","https://openalex.org/W2123608497","https://openalex.org/W2134872659","https://openalex.org/W2141262802","https://openalex.org/W2170382128","https://openalex.org/W2765786904","https://openalex.org/W2955126671","https://openalex.org/W3016777042","https://openalex.org/W3042840909","https://openalex.org/W3091730480","https://openalex.org/W3094168856","https://openalex.org/W3139076594","https://openalex.org/W3157218387","https://openalex.org/W3191480387","https://openalex.org/W3204995106","https://openalex.org/W3208860256","https://openalex.org/W4226212055","https://openalex.org/W4236433846","https://openalex.org/W4242220430","https://openalex.org/W4245804582","https://openalex.org/W4312282221","https://openalex.org/W4312649179","https://openalex.org/W4312943733","https://openalex.org/W4318541641","https://openalex.org/W4318541689","https://openalex.org/W4386536458","https://openalex.org/W6702216400","https://openalex.org/W6816785705"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349100673","https://openalex.org/W4297548941","https://openalex.org/W2372386871","https://openalex.org/W1979846850","https://openalex.org/W2904278394","https://openalex.org/W3157218387","https://openalex.org/W174090939","https://openalex.org/W1986506768","https://openalex.org/W4390602397","https://openalex.org/W2951566568"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sustainability":[0],"in":[1,6],"general":[2],"and":[3,17,31,77,91,110,125],"global":[4],"warming":[5],"particular":[7],"are":[8],"grand":[9],"societal":[10],"challenges.":[11],"Computer":[12],"systems":[13],"demand":[14],"substantial":[15],"materials":[16],"energy":[18,76],"resources":[19],"throughout":[20],"their":[21,148],"entire":[22],"lifetime.":[23],"A":[24,127],"key":[25],"question":[26],"is":[27],"how":[28,113],"computer":[29,69],"engineers":[30],"scientists":[32],"can":[33],"reduce":[34,81,115],"the":[35,42,144],"environmental":[36,84,118,149],"impact":[37],"of":[38,96],"computing.":[39],"To":[40],"overcome":[41],"inherent":[43],"data":[44],"uncertainty,":[45],"this":[46],"paper":[47],"proposes":[48],"FOCAL,":[49],"a":[50,82,93,116,131],"parameterized":[51],"first-order":[52],"carbon":[53,64],"model":[54],"to":[55,71,80,89,114,122],"assess":[56],"processor":[57,98],"sustainability":[58],"using":[59],"first":[60],"principles.":[61],"FOCAL's":[62],"normalized":[63],"footprint":[65,119],"(NCF)":[66],"metric":[67],"guides":[68],"architects":[70],"holistically":[72],"optimize":[73],"chip":[74],"area,":[75],"power":[78],"consumption":[79],"processor's":[83,117],"footprint.":[85,150],"We":[86],"use":[87],"FOCAL":[88],"analyze":[90],"categorize":[92],"broad":[94],"set":[95],"archetypal":[97],"mechanisms":[99],"into":[100,112],"strongly,":[101],"weakly":[102],"or":[103],"less":[104],"sustainable":[105,136],"design":[106],"choices,":[107],"providing":[108],"insight":[109],"intuition":[111],"with":[120],"implications":[121],"both":[123],"hardware":[124],"software.":[126],"case":[128],"study":[129],"illustrates":[130],"pathway":[132],"for":[133],"designing":[134],"strongly":[135],"multicore":[137],"processors":[138],"delivering":[139],"high":[140],"performance":[141],"while":[142],"at":[143],"same":[145],"time":[146],"reducing":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}