{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386390780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618302","title":"Feasibility Analysis for Sybil Attacks in Shard-Based Permissionless Blockchains","display_name":"Feasibility Analysis for Sybil Attacks in Shard-Based Permissionless Blockchains","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386390780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3618302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618302","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283489","display_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice","issn_l":"2769-6480","issn":["2769-6480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618302","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092821171","display_name":"Tayebeh Rajabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9686-6600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170013655","display_name":"Isfahan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00af3sa43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tayebeh Rajabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Isfahan University of Technology, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9686-6600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Isfahan University of Technology, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019784196","display_name":"Alvi Ataur Khalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-111X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvi Ataur Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-111X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019446590","display_name":"Mohammad Hossein Manshaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3765-7500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170013655","display_name":"Isfahan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00af3sa43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hossein Manshaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Isfahan University of Technology, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3765-7500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Isfahan University of Technology, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648380","display_name":"Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-7430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-7430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057411597","display_name":"Mohammad Dakhilalian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-4950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170013655","display_name":"Isfahan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00af3sa43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Dakhilalian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Isfahan University of Technology, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-4950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Isfahan University of Technology, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009236309","display_name":"Maurice Ngouen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5581-0914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurice Ngouen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5581-0914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012114492","display_name":"Murtuza Jadliwala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9316-1943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murtuza Jadliwala","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at San Antonio, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9316-1943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at San Antonio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019145852","display_name":"A. Selcuk Uluagac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Selcuk Uluagac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-3464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.333,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9715267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9455999732017517,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9333999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7665048837661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7102029323577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sybil-attack","display_name":"Sybil attack","score":0.6697589755058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.6631906628608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6238200664520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5179735422134399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.48415857553482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4792071282863617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifier","display_name":"Identifier","score":0.46248942613601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.45812496542930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.4146789312362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35810595750808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3394221067428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3358458876609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1983155906200409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17276501655578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.1514500081539154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7665048837661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7102029323577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777505653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4470796","display_name":"Sybil attack","level":3,"score":0.6697589755058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.6631906628608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6238200664520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5179735422134399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.48415857553482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4792071282863617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154504017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853614","display_name":"Identifier","level":2,"score":0.46248942613601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.45812496542930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.4146789312362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35810595750808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3394221067428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3358458876609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1983155906200409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17276501655578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.1514500081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3618302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618302","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283489","display_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice","issn_l":"2769-6480","issn":["2769-6480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3618302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618302","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283489","display_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice","issn_l":"2769-6480","issn":["2769-6480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386390780.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386390780.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1819513546","https://openalex.org/W1999522397","https://openalex.org/W2059875792","https://openalex.org/W2465219533","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2624307925","https://openalex.org/W2748264495","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2803836845","https://openalex.org/W2806273311","https://openalex.org/W2808257503","https://openalex.org/W2892389652","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2913264117","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2970455671","https://openalex.org/W2974304788","https://openalex.org/W2982212956","https://openalex.org/W2994826096","https://openalex.org/W3023088469","https://openalex.org/W3034866227","https://openalex.org/W3083535684","https://openalex.org/W3091665258","https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W3186800698","https://openalex.org/W3197688463","https://openalex.org/W4210362383","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4302423570","https://openalex.org/W4308192654","https://openalex.org/W4313826623","https://openalex.org/W4362502008","https://openalex.org/W4388193375","https://openalex.org/W6675692801","https://openalex.org/W6762526259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4297726362","https://openalex.org/W4362501973","https://openalex.org/W2981481350","https://openalex.org/W3155932073","https://openalex.org/W2917843582","https://openalex.org/W4387713327","https://openalex.org/W2728493501","https://openalex.org/W4302297133","https://openalex.org/W2899383004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Committee-based":[0],"permissionless":[1],"blockchain":[2,33,90,105],"approaches":[3],"overcome":[4],"single":[5],"leader":[6],"consensus":[7,50,87],"protocols\u2019":[8],"scalability":[9],"issues":[10],"by":[11,30,52,81],"partitioning":[12],"the":[13,49,63,102,110,118,167,178,181],"outstanding":[14],"transaction":[15],"set":[16],"into":[17],"shards":[18],"and":[19,152,175],"selecting":[20],"multiple":[21,54,59],"committees":[22],"to":[23,37,126,156,170],"process":[24],"these":[25,67],"transactions":[26],"in":[27,85,117],"parallel.":[28],"However,":[29],"design,":[31],"shard-based":[32,86,104],"solutions":[34],"are":[35],"vulnerable":[36,125],"Sybil":[38,60,83,127,150],"attacks.":[39],"An":[40],"adversary":[41,131],"with":[42],"enough":[43,140],"computational/hash":[44],"power":[45],"can":[46],"easily":[47],"manipulate":[48],"protocol":[51],"generating":[53],"valid":[55],"node":[56],"identifiers/IDs":[57],"(i.e.,":[58],"committee":[61],"members).Despite":[62],"straightforward":[64],"nature":[65],"of":[66,88,101,121,136,180],"attacks,":[68],"they":[69],"have":[70],"not":[71],"been":[72],"systematically":[73],"investigated.":[74],"This":[75],"article":[76],"fills":[77],"this":[78],"research":[79],"gap":[80],"analyzing":[82],"attacks":[84,128,151],"proof-of-work":[89,111],"systems.":[91],"Specifically,":[92],"we":[93,165],"provide":[94],"a":[95,134],"detailed":[96],"analysis":[97],"for":[98,114,147],"Elastico,":[99],"one":[100],"prominent":[103],"models.":[106],"We":[107,143],"show":[108],"that":[109],"technique":[112],"used":[113],"ID":[115],"generation":[116],"initial":[119],"phase":[120],"such":[122],"protocols":[123],"is":[124],"when":[129],"an":[130],"(could":[132],"be":[133],"group":[135],"colluding":[137],"nodes)":[138],"possesses":[139],"hash":[141],"power.":[142],"analytically":[144],"derive":[145],"conditions":[146],"two":[148],"different":[149],"perform":[153],"numerical":[154],"simulations":[155],"validate":[157,171],"our":[158,172],"theoretical":[159],"results":[160,176],"under":[161],"various":[162],"parameters.":[163],"Further,":[164],"utilize":[166],"BlockSim":[168],"simulator":[169],"mathematical":[173],"computation,":[174],"confirm":[177],"correctness":[179],"analysis.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}