{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399522199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618260.3649769","title":"Black-Box PPP Is Not Turing-Closed","display_name":"Black-Box PPP Is Not Turing-Closed","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399522199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618260.3649769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3618260.3649769","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618260.3649769","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618260.3649769","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618260.3649769","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082438935","display_name":"Noah Fleming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-1290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah Fleming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-1290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099087161","display_name":"Stefan Grosser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9774-3385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Grosser","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9774-3385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003318200","display_name":"Toniann Pitassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-2174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toniann Pitassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-2174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021914150","display_name":"Robert Robere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6065-6023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Robere","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6065-6023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0648,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76944843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1405","last_page":"1414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pigeonhole-principle","display_name":"Pigeonhole principle","score":0.6319894194602966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-machine","display_name":"Turing machine","score":0.5635926127433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.5429551005363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjecture","display_name":"Conjecture","score":0.5304281711578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.4947647452354431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.47452059388160706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.4717327356338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.45348164439201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44852086901664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-deterministic-turing-machine","display_name":"Non-deterministic Turing machine","score":0.4370788335800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4101710617542267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-turing-machine","display_name":"Universal Turing machine","score":0.37210536003112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16024112701416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0824798047542572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171988527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188276","display_name":"Pigeonhole principle","level":2,"score":0.6319894194602966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29248071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163310","display_name":"Turing machine","level":3,"score":0.5635926127433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.5429551005363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780990831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319141","display_name":"Conjecture","level":2,"score":0.5304281711578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.4947647452354431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.47452059388160706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4717327356338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.45348164439201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44852086901664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15190523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190223","display_name":"Non-deterministic Turing machine","level":5,"score":0.4370788335800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4101710617542267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131671149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2703890","display_name":"Universal Turing machine","level":4,"score":0.37210536003112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16024112701416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0824798047542572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3618260.3649769","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618260.3649769","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618260.3649769","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3618260.3649769","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618260.3649769","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618260.3649769","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399522199.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W314996113","https://openalex.org/W1500727361","https://openalex.org/W1530232604","https://openalex.org/W1538043890","https://openalex.org/W1804423330","https://openalex.org/W1980813953","https://openalex.org/W1981287047","https://openalex.org/W2002373723","https://openalex.org/W2016341899","https://openalex.org/W2031923588","https://openalex.org/W2037028865","https://openalex.org/W2057913812","https://openalex.org/W2061949491","https://openalex.org/W2065828765","https://openalex.org/W2069767473","https://openalex.org/W2093396771","https://openalex.org/W2103981148","https://openalex.org/W2109174551","https://openalex.org/W2133313069","https://openalex.org/W2142048307","https://openalex.org/W2163546623","https://openalex.org/W2167115661","https://openalex.org/W2169359757","https://openalex.org/W2529974411","https://openalex.org/W2534717833","https://openalex.org/W2909596206","https://openalex.org/W2914732100","https://openalex.org/W2964063279","https://openalex.org/W2964219470","https://openalex.org/W2972812036","https://openalex.org/W3082860856","https://openalex.org/W3186369772","https://openalex.org/W3193856430","https://openalex.org/W4205196152","https://openalex.org/W4296415581","https://openalex.org/W4313227384","https://openalex.org/W4412322733","https://openalex.org/W6910264862","https://openalex.org/W6910375603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392422095","https://openalex.org/W4324016496","https://openalex.org/W3160192459","https://openalex.org/W2280616180","https://openalex.org/W4231495498","https://openalex.org/W2273345230","https://openalex.org/W2090113742","https://openalex.org/W1559604976","https://openalex.org/W4312201671","https://openalex.org/W1969470083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,136],"complexity":[1],"class":[2],"PPP":[3,41,86,114,140,163,182,193,214,252,260],"contains":[4,141],"all":[5,101,201,216],"total":[6],"search":[7],"problems":[8,72],"many-one":[9],"reducible":[10],"to":[11,28,58,88,130,191,203,232,241],"the":[12,45,59,67,93,169,174,204,233,262],"Pigeon":[13,205],"problem,":[14],"where":[15],"we":[16,160,188,276],"are":[17,189],"given":[18],"a":[19,23,39,125,278],"succinct":[20],"encoding":[21],"of":[22,44,50,138,264,281,297],"function":[24],"mapping":[25],"n+1":[26],"pigeons":[27,35],"n":[29],"holes,":[30],"and":[31,52,71,79,111,121,177,221,255,261,270],"must":[32,207],"output":[33],"two":[34],"that":[36,113,162,181,284],"collide":[37],"in":[38,73,128,150,168,199,210],"hole.":[40],"is":[42,115,164,183,239,285],"one":[43],"\u201coriginal":[46],"five\u201d":[47],"syntactically-defined":[48],"subclasses":[49],"TFNP,":[51],"has":[53],"been":[54],"extensively":[55],"studied":[56],"due":[57],"strong":[60,179],"connections":[61,258],"between":[62,259],"its":[63,84,142,195,224],"defining":[64],"problem":[65],"\u2014":[66,70,228,237],"pigeonhole":[68,235],"principle":[69,236],"cryptography,":[74],"extremal":[75],"combinatorics,":[76],"proof":[77,246],"complexity,":[78],"other":[80,94,102,217],"fields.":[81],"However,":[82],"despite":[83],"importance,":[85],"appears":[87],"be":[89,208,242,296],"less":[90],"robust":[91],"than":[92],"important":[95,218],"TFNP":[96,104,219],"subclasses.":[97],"In":[98,157,186,274],"particular,":[99,275],"unlike":[100],"major":[103],"subclasses,":[105,220],"it":[106],"was":[107,145],"conjectured":[108],"by":[109,148,230],"Buss":[110],"Johnson":[112],"not":[116,166,184],"closed":[117],"under":[118],"Turing":[119,143,197],"reductions,":[120],"they":[122],"called":[123],"for":[124,133,251,268,288],"black-box":[126,170,292],"separation":[127],"order":[129],"provide":[131],"evidence":[132,180],"this":[134,158],"conjecture.":[135],"question":[137],"whether":[139],"closure":[144],"further":[146],"highlighted":[147],"Daskalakis":[149],"his":[151],"recent":[152],"IMU":[153],"Abacus":[154],"Medal":[155],"Lecture.":[156],"work":[159],"prove":[161],"indeed":[165],"Turing-closed":[167],"setting,":[171],"affirmatively":[172],"resolving":[173],"above":[175],"conjecture":[176],"providing":[178],"Turing-closed.":[185,244],"fact,":[187],"able":[190],"separate":[192],"from":[194,215,223],"non-adaptive":[196],"closure,":[198],"which":[200,238,294],"calls":[202],"oracle":[206],"made":[209],"parallel.":[211],"This":[212],"differentiates":[213],"especially":[222],"closely-related":[225],"subclass":[226],"PWPP":[227],"defined":[229],"reducibility":[231],"weak":[234],"known":[240],"non-adaptively":[243],"Our":[245],"requires":[247],"developing":[248],"new":[249,257,279],"tools":[250],"lower":[253,272,289],"bounds,":[254],"creates":[256],"theory":[263],"pseudoexpectation":[265,282],"operators":[266],"used":[267],"Sherali-Adams":[269],"Sum-of-Squares":[271],"bounds.":[273],"introduce":[277],"type":[280],"operator":[283],"precisely":[286],"tailored":[287],"bounds":[290],"against":[291],"PPP,":[293],"may":[295],"independent":[298],"interest.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}