{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224940275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618257.3624803","title":"Tracking, Profiling, and Ad Targeting in the Alexa Echo Smart Speaker Ecosystem","display_name":"Tracking, Profiling, and Ad Targeting in the Alexa Echo Smart Speaker Ecosystem","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224940275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618257.3624803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3618257.3624803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618257.3624803","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618257.3624803","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM on Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618257.3624803","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074510752","display_name":"Umar Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1416-4113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Umar Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1416-4113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023914560","display_name":"Pouneh Nikkhah Bahrami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-2920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pouneh Nikkhah Bahrami","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-2920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084404670","display_name":"Rahmadi Trimananda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-7506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahmadi Trimananda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-7506","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008897366","display_name":"Hao Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-2004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-2004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060437791","display_name":"Alexander Gamero-Garrido","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Gamero-Garrido","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4462-4520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051009174","display_name":"Daniel J. Dubois","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-898X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel J. Dubois","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-898X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073676654","display_name":"David Choffnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7825-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Choffnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7825-7226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013543313","display_name":"Athina Markopoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-8675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athina Markopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-8675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058923617","display_name":"Franziska Roesner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8735-4810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franziska Roesner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8735-4810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011499718","display_name":"Zubair Shafiq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zubair Shafiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-9354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074510752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.0564,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98756218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"569","last_page":"583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7245315909385681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.5729708671569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.527665913105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amazon-rainforest","display_name":"Amazon rainforest","score":0.4730193614959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.4663518965244293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38190099596977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3490879535675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34239310026168823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7245315909385681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5729708671569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.527665913105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535291247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177567","display_name":"Amazon rainforest","level":2,"score":0.4730193614959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.4663518965244293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38190099596977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3490879535675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34239310026168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3618257.3624803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618257.3624803","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618257.3624803","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM on Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2204.10920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.10920","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.10920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3618257.3624803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3618257.3624803","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3618257.3624803","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM on Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1071269414","display_name":"CNS Core: Small: BehavIoT: Modeling and Controlling Internet of Things Behavior Using Netowork-Inferred State Machines","funder_award_id":"1909020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2242633848","display_name":"Collaborative Research: SaTC: CORE: Medium: Defending against Emerging Stateless Web Tracking","funder_award_id":"2138139","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2545830197","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2114230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G285473704","display_name":"SaTC: Frontiers: Collaborative: Protecting Personal Data Flow on the Internet","funder_award_id":"2103439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3152184901","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1956393, CNS-1955227, CNS-2103439, CNS-2103038, CNS-2138139, CNS-2114230, CNS-1909020, CNS-2127309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G328824017","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1956393","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4019597227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2127309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7884998079","display_name":"CAREER: Quality of Experience and Network Management in the Encrypted Internet","funder_award_id":"2103038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8580157798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2127309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332564","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224940275.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224940275.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073347453","https://openalex.org/W2535603283","https://openalex.org/W2951246258","https://openalex.org/W2980558733","https://openalex.org/W2986967943","https://openalex.org/W2999601531","https://openalex.org/W3030894331","https://openalex.org/W3082482205","https://openalex.org/W3093697207","https://openalex.org/W3096559598","https://openalex.org/W3139099451","https://openalex.org/W3163730107","https://openalex.org/W3185598625","https://openalex.org/W3212956171","https://openalex.org/W3216878703","https://openalex.org/W4206724828","https://openalex.org/W4288080331","https://openalex.org/W4300175397","https://openalex.org/W4387873916","https://openalex.org/W4387880730"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3022229171","https://openalex.org/W2913190967","https://openalex.org/W587719479","https://openalex.org/W3165307885","https://openalex.org/W3097390808","https://openalex.org/W2611724343","https://openalex.org/W4391681741","https://openalex.org/W3014702057","https://openalex.org/W2982104316","https://openalex.org/W2495319149"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0,130],"speakers":[1],"collect":[2,101],"voice":[3],"commands,":[4],"which":[5],"can":[6],"be":[7],"used":[8],"to":[9,58,74,96,116,124,128,135],"infer":[10,117],"sensitive":[11],"information":[12],"about":[13],"users.":[14,129],"Given":[15],"the":[16,31,66,75,97],"potential":[17],"for":[18,25],"privacy":[19],"harms,":[20],"there":[21],"is":[22],"a":[23,56],"need":[24],"greater":[26],"transparency":[27],"and":[28,35,63,85,90,120,138,157],"control":[29],"over":[30],"data":[32,60,115,161],"collected,":[33],"used,":[34],"shared":[36],"by":[37,65],"smart":[38,67,77,98,102,112],"speaker":[39,68,78,99,103,113,131],"platforms":[40],"as":[41,43,139,141],"well":[42],"third":[44,86,149,158],"party":[45,150,159],"skills":[46],"supported":[47],"on":[48],"them.":[49],"To":[50],"bridge":[51],"this":[52],"gap,":[53],"we":[54,153],"build":[55],"framework":[57,73],"measure":[59],"collection,":[61],"usage,":[62],"sharing":[64],"platforms.":[69],"We":[70,106],"apply":[71],"our":[72],"Amazon":[76,84,110],"ecosystem.":[79],"Our":[80],"results":[81],"show":[82],"that":[83,93,109,155],"parties,":[87],"including":[88],"advertising":[89],"tracking":[91],"services":[92],"are":[94,163],"unique":[95],"ecosystem,":[100],"interaction":[104,114,132],"data.":[105],"also":[107,133],"find":[108,154],"processes":[111],"user":[118],"interests":[119],"uses":[121],"those":[122],"inferences":[123],"serve":[125],"targeted":[126],"ads":[127],"leads":[134],"ad":[136,146],"targeting":[137],"much":[140],"30X":[142],"higher":[143],"bids":[144],"in":[145,168],"auctions,":[147],"from":[148],"advertisers.":[151],"Finally,":[152],"Amazon's":[156],"skills'":[160],"practices":[162],"often":[164],"not":[165],"clearly":[166],"disclosed":[167],"their":[169],"policy":[170],"documents.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-26T08:31:28.666265","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
