{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388008020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3617694.3623256","title":"Unraveling the Interconnected Axes of Heterogeneity in Machine Learning for Democratic and Inclusive Advancements","display_name":"Unraveling the Interconnected Axes of Heterogeneity in Machine Learning for Democratic and Inclusive Advancements","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388008020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3617694.3623256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3617694.3623256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3617694.3623256","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073411742","display_name":"Maryam Molamohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9715-5442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164802","display_name":"Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05c22rx21","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Molamohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mila, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mila, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091388380","display_name":"Afaf Ta\u00efk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-1845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164802","display_name":"Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05c22rx21","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afaf Ta\u00efk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universite de Montreal, Canada and Mila, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universite de Montreal, Canada and Mila, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802","https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025896561","display_name":"Nicolas Roux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-1469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153468","display_name":"Microsoft (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xhxg104","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210153468"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Le Roux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mila, Canada and Microsoft Research, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mila, Canada and Microsoft Research, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053667504","display_name":"Golnoosh Farnadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-8668"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Golnoosh Farnadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, McGill university, Canada and Mila, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, McGill university, Canada and Mila, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073411742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.258,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63963507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9528999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependence","display_name":"Interdependence","score":0.718053936958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"Democracy","score":0.5917847156524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5545173287391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5411365032196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.511275053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skew","display_name":"Skew","score":0.5085209608078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.4699333608150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4472886323928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4443005919456482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.34435904026031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3405104875564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.33968645334243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33614248037338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3215292990207672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.22694876790046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.22624510526657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1933976411819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.12627103924751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.10879909992218018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.718053936958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5917847156524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5545173287391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5411365032196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.511275053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.5085209608078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.4699333608150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4472886323928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4443005919456482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.34435904026031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3405104875564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.33968645334243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33614248037338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3215292990207672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.22694876790046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22624510526657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1933976411819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.12627103924751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.10879909992218018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3617694.3623256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3617694.3623256","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111324831","https://openalex.org/W1911639067","https://openalex.org/W1978426363","https://openalex.org/W2036749867","https://openalex.org/W2084548828","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2555595399","https://openalex.org/W2558038741","https://openalex.org/W2750144484","https://openalex.org/W2764072425","https://openalex.org/W2773444500","https://openalex.org/W2793404650","https://openalex.org/W2883386984","https://openalex.org/W2889315866","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2897154134","https://openalex.org/W2897439270","https://openalex.org/W2910548926","https://openalex.org/W2946102439","https://openalex.org/W2949678053","https://openalex.org/W2980113592","https://openalex.org/W2990700079","https://openalex.org/W2995006168","https://openalex.org/W2995750307","https://openalex.org/W2997277234","https://openalex.org/W3005196550","https://openalex.org/W3008843783","https://openalex.org/W3009402565","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3028394171","https://openalex.org/W3033682799","https://openalex.org/W3034368386","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3041968715","https://openalex.org/W3044971416","https://openalex.org/W3047173156","https://openalex.org/W3091870957","https://openalex.org/W3092609815","https://openalex.org/W3093541323","https://openalex.org/W3099314130","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3101243562","https://openalex.org/W3102162267","https://openalex.org/W3105226597","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3133874049","https://openalex.org/W3133893548","https://openalex.org/W3134595736","https://openalex.org/W3138154797","https://openalex.org/W3154300329","https://openalex.org/W3174720288","https://openalex.org/W3176551993","https://openalex.org/W3176952330","https://openalex.org/W3194794012","https://openalex.org/W3209809080","https://openalex.org/W3211490561","https://openalex.org/W3212368439","https://openalex.org/W4221104163","https://openalex.org/W4240889692","https://openalex.org/W4281999718","https://openalex.org/W4283166422","https://openalex.org/W4283171263","https://openalex.org/W4289258088","https://openalex.org/W4297798864"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4290802965","https://openalex.org/W97789383","https://openalex.org/W2139079562","https://openalex.org/W2749324135","https://openalex.org/W4289406402","https://openalex.org/W2727156679","https://openalex.org/W2908433117","https://openalex.org/W3087516072","https://openalex.org/W584881664","https://openalex.org/W2896300277"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"utilization":[2],"of":[3,26,33,104,123,140,154,158,168],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"(ML)":[6],"in":[7,81,102,109],"decision-making":[8],"processes":[9],"raises":[10],"questions":[11],"about":[12],"its":[13,179],"benefits":[14],"to":[15,68,86,132,148,161],"society.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18,82,120],"study,":[19],"we":[20],"identify":[21],"and":[22,42,47,50,60,70,96,114,160,165,178],"analyze":[23],"three":[24,125],"axes":[25,37,57,101,126],"heterogeneity":[27],"that":[28,98,137,171],"significantly":[29],"influence":[30,62],"the":[31,66,75,93,124,155,163],"trajectory":[32],"ML":[34,169],"products.":[35],"These":[36],"are":[38,58,172],"i)":[39],"values,":[40],"culture":[41],"regulations,":[43],"ii)":[44],"data":[45],"composition,":[46],"iii)":[48],"resource":[49],"infrastructure":[51],"capacity.":[52],"We":[53,91,117],"demonstrate":[54],"how":[55,119],"these":[56,100,144],"interdependent":[59],"mutually":[61],"one":[63],"another,":[64],"emphasizing":[65],"need":[67],"consider":[69],"address":[71],"them":[72],"jointly.":[73],"Unfortunately,":[74],"current":[76],"research":[77],"landscape":[78],"falls":[79],"short":[80],"regard,":[83],"often":[84],"failing":[85],"adopt":[87],"a":[88,105,128,150],"holistic":[89],"approach.":[90],"examine":[92],"prevalent":[94],"practices":[95],"methodologies":[97],"skew":[99],"favor":[103],"selected":[106],"few,":[107],"resulting":[108],"power":[110],"concentration,":[111],"homogenized":[112],"control,":[113],"increased":[115],"dependency.":[116],"discuss":[118],"fragmented":[121],"study":[122],"poses":[127],"significant":[129],"challenge,":[130],"leading":[131],"an":[133],"impractical":[134],"solution":[135],"space":[136],"lacks":[138],"reflection":[139],"real-world":[141,176],"scenarios.":[142],"Addressing":[143],"issues":[145],"is":[146],"crucial":[147],"ensure":[149],"more":[151,173],"comprehensive":[152],"understanding":[153],"interconnected":[156],"nature":[157],"society":[159],"foster":[162],"democratic":[164],"inclusive":[166],"development":[167],"systems":[170],"aligned":[174],"with":[175],"complexities":[177],"diverse":[180],"requirements.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
