{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387628495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3617072.3617113","title":"\u201cSomeone Definitely Used 0000\u201d: Strategies, Performance, and User Perception of Novice Smartphone-Unlock PIN-Guessers","display_name":"\u201cSomeone Definitely Used 0000\u201d: Strategies, Performance, and User Perception of Novice Smartphone-Unlock PIN-Guessers","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387628495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3617072.3617113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3617072.3617113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3617072.3617113","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3617072.3617113","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 European Symposium on Usable Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3617072.3617113","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024197927","display_name":"Daniel V. Bailey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4749-6448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel V. Bailey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr University Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr University Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052232889","display_name":"Collins W. Munyendo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-1685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Collins W. Munyendo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The George Washington University, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The George Washington University, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014563146","display_name":"Hunter A. Dyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9813-4545"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hunter A. Dyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Labs, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Labs, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045808229","display_name":"Miles Grant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7120-1019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miles Grant","raw_affiliation_strings":["The George Washington University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The George Washington University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065482265","display_name":"Philipp Markert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9232-4496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Markert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr University Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr University Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009788320","display_name":"Adam J. Aviv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3792-2485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam J. Aviv","raw_affiliation_strings":["The George Washington University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The George Washington University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024197927"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4624,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70283373,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"158","last_page":"174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7410032153129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6453999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6056375503540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3742663860321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1784030795097351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7410032153129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6453999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6056375503540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3742663860321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1784030795097351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3617072.3617113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3617072.3617113","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3617072.3617113","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 European Symposium on Usable Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3617072.3617113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3617072.3617113","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3617072.3617113","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 European Symposium on Usable Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4038457429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1845300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387628495.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387628495.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W616265588","https://openalex.org/W1995628302","https://openalex.org/W2006605027","https://openalex.org/W2011150020","https://openalex.org/W2044798763","https://openalex.org/W2073210531","https://openalex.org/W2083295738","https://openalex.org/W2136781735","https://openalex.org/W2254621492","https://openalex.org/W2511036412","https://openalex.org/W2538793708","https://openalex.org/W2585292421","https://openalex.org/W2610295646","https://openalex.org/W2611149039","https://openalex.org/W2931556662","https://openalex.org/W2940919681","https://openalex.org/W2998818221","https://openalex.org/W3112329255","https://openalex.org/W3204765815","https://openalex.org/W4384948708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W4402327032","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,26,62,105],"examine":[1],"the":[2,15,19,59,78,89],"risk":[3],"to":[4,11,13,37,51,68,94,128,133,135,144],"lost,":[5],"stolen,":[6],"or":[7,35,147],"unattended":[8],"smartphones":[9],"due":[10,143],"attempts":[12],"guess":[14],"device\u2019s":[16],"unlock":[17,52],"PIN,":[18],"most":[20,121,131],"widespread":[21],"authentication":[22],"scheme":[23],"for":[24,111],"smartphones.":[25],"find":[27,64],"novice":[28,66],"attacks":[29,67],"by":[30],"those":[31,130],"lacking":[32],"forensic":[33],"tools":[34],"training":[36],"be":[38,69,117,129],"common,":[39],"with":[40,74],"over":[41],"one-third":[42],"of":[43,80,102,149],"survey":[44],"participants":[45,75,99,122],"(n":[46],"=":[47],"210)":[48],"admitting":[49],"trying":[50],"someone\u2019s":[53],"smartphone":[54],"without":[55],"their":[56,137,150],"knowledge":[57],"in":[58,82],"past":[60],"year.":[61],"further":[63],"these":[65],"surprisingly":[70],"effective":[71],"against":[72],"PINs,":[73],"guessing":[76,100],"roughly":[77],"PIN":[79,92],"1":[81],"8":[83],"strangers.":[84],"Our":[85],"study":[86],"also":[87],"produces":[88],"first":[90],"attacking":[91],"dataset,":[93],"our":[95],"knowledge,":[96],"obtained":[97],"from":[98,141],"PINs":[101],"other":[103],"participants.":[104],"additionally":[106],"investigate":[107],"participants\u2019":[108],"mental":[109],"models":[110],"how":[112],"and":[113],"when":[114],"PIN-guessing":[115],"may":[116],"attempted,":[118],"finding":[119],"that":[120],"expect":[123],"insiders":[124],"(friends,":[125],"family,":[126],"partners)":[127],"likely":[132],"attempt":[134],"access":[136],"smartphone,":[138],"underestimating":[139],"risks":[140],"strangers":[142],"loss,":[145],"theft":[146],"recycling":[148],"devices.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-15T09:29:46.208133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}