{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394902606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614419.3643996","title":"Echo Chambers in the Age of Algorithms: An Audit of Twitter\u2019s Friend Recommender System","display_name":"Echo Chambers in the Age of Algorithms: An Audit of Twitter\u2019s Friend Recommender System","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394902606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614419.3643996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3614419.3643996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614419.3643996","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614419.3643996","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062907466","display_name":"Kayla Duskin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3950-5706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kayla Duskin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3950-5706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067890045","display_name":"Joseph S. Schafer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-2074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph S Schafer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-2074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046879461","display_name":"Jevin D. West","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-0322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jevin D West","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-0322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053945884","display_name":"Emma S. Spiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-3390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma S Spiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-3390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062907466"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.6241,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98465167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"11","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13718","display_name":"Media Influence and Politics","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recommender-system","display_name":"Recommender system","score":0.7843655347824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.668357253074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.640957236289978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.5835378170013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.572950541973114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5681219100952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.547637939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.45286625623703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideology","display_name":"Ideology","score":0.41556042432785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.39810752868652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.344484806060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2225002646446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.14057523012161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.12495207786560059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.12430235743522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09874290227890015}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557471498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554950","display_name":"Recommender system","level":2,"score":0.7843655347824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.668357253074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.640957236289978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.5835378170013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.572950541973114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5681219100952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.547637939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.45286625623703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.41556042432785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.39810752868652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.344484806060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2225002646446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.14057523012161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12495207786560059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.12430235743522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09874290227890015}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3614419.3643996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614419.3643996","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3614419.3643996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614419.3643996","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G313923271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-00952-GRA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7662650206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G-2019-58788","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8688408747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2120496, DGE-2140004, 1749815","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065907218","https://openalex.org/W2137809006","https://openalex.org/W2232384272","https://openalex.org/W2476960546","https://openalex.org/W2604380452","https://openalex.org/W2786236138","https://openalex.org/W2909429265","https://openalex.org/W2964085918","https://openalex.org/W3032474305","https://openalex.org/W3099451295","https://openalex.org/W3125182256","https://openalex.org/W3133031225","https://openalex.org/W3133423348","https://openalex.org/W3157826390","https://openalex.org/W3189072387","https://openalex.org/W3199505005","https://openalex.org/W3200365203","https://openalex.org/W3216636428","https://openalex.org/W4200021386","https://openalex.org/W4280495998","https://openalex.org/W4292308226","https://openalex.org/W4296591872","https://openalex.org/W6800828290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197131596","https://openalex.org/W4390616380","https://openalex.org/W4388666321","https://openalex.org/W4205914924","https://openalex.org/W4283459170","https://openalex.org/W4220949352","https://openalex.org/W4225301003","https://openalex.org/W4229014887","https://openalex.org/W4229067106","https://openalex.org/W4388798880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"presence":[1],"of":[2,64,78,121,159],"political":[3,157],"misinformation":[4],"and":[5,29,54,91,102,143],"ideological":[6],"echo":[7,149],"chambers":[8],"on":[9,35,189,200],"social":[10,170,201],"media":[11],"platforms":[12,37],"is":[13,49],"concerning":[14],"given":[15],"the":[16,24,70,76,97,109,115,127,136,151,180],"important":[17],"role":[18,43],"that":[19,74,87,133,146,174],"these":[20,36,45],"sites":[21],"play":[22,41],"in":[23,44,155],"public\u2019s":[25],"exposure":[26],"to":[27,40,164,185,196],"news":[28],"current":[30],"events.":[31],"Algorithmic":[32],"systems":[33],"employed":[34],"are":[38],"presumed":[39],"a":[42,160],"phenomena,":[46],"but":[47],"little":[48],"known":[50],"about":[51],"their":[52,105,167],"mechanisms":[53],"effects.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57,79],"work,":[58],"we":[59,131],"conduct":[60],"an":[61,118],"algorithmic":[62],"audit":[63,73],"Twitter\u2019s":[65],"Who-To-Follow":[66],"friend":[67],"recommendation":[68,137],"system,":[69],"first":[71],"empirical":[72],"investigates":[75],"impact":[77],"algorithm":[80,138,181],"in-situ.":[81],"We":[82,113],"create":[83],"automated":[84],"Twitter":[85,122],"accounts":[86,140,165,173],"initially":[88],"follow":[89,126],"left":[90],"right":[92],"affiliated":[93],"U.S.":[94,99],"politicians":[95],"during":[96],"2022":[98],"midterm":[100],"elections":[101],"then":[103],"grow":[104],"information":[106],"networks":[107,168],"using":[108],"platform\u2019s":[110],"recommender":[111,152],"system.":[112],"pair":[114],"experiment":[116],"with":[117],"observational":[119],"study":[120],"users":[123,177],"who":[124],"already":[125],"same":[128],"politicians.":[129],"Broadly,":[130],"find":[132],"while":[134],"following":[135],"leads":[139],"into":[141],"dense":[142],"reciprocal":[144],"neighborhoods":[145],"structurally":[147],"resemble":[148],"chambers,":[150],"also":[153],"results":[154],"less":[156],"homogeneity":[158],"user\u2019s":[161],"network":[162],"compared":[163,195],"growing":[166],"through":[169],"endorsement.":[171,202],"Furthermore,":[172],"exclusively":[175],"followed":[176],"recommended":[178],"by":[179],"had":[182],"fewer":[183],"opportunities":[184],"encounter":[186],"content":[187],"centered":[188],"false":[190],"or":[191],"misleading":[192],"election":[193],"narratives":[194],"choosing":[197],"friends":[198],"based":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
