{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386643053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614204.3616105","title":"Stealthy Signals: Using Ghost Modulation to Watermark Interference","display_name":"Stealthy Signals: Using Ghost Modulation to Watermark Interference","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386643053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614204.3616105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3614204.3616105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614204.3616105","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on LEO Networking and Communication","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025056761","display_name":"A. Palacios","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0588-3732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashton Palacios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0588-3732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092853767","display_name":"Chase Bledsoe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6084-3790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chase Bledsoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6084-3790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002215600","display_name":"Elle Kelsey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2953-4976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elle Kelsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2953-4976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058307714","display_name":"Laura Landon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2706-2603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Landon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2706-2603","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092061445","display_name":"Jon Backman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5854-3052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Backman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5854-3052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074917892","display_name":"Philip Lundrigan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8276-4842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Lundrigan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8276-4842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43645531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"13","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7380771636962891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.643511950969696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6199369430541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.6148261427879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.53862065076828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5268493890762329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.49896931648254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.47640788555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4549330472946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4522937536239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.16541394591331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06803527474403381}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7380771636962891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.643511950969696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6199369430541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.6148261427879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.53862065076828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5268493890762329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.49896931648254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.47640788555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4549330472946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4522937536239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.16541394591331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06803527474403381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3614204.3616105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3614204.3616105","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on LEO Networking and Communication","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1131082735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2153317","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1932498114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2030165","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991539161","https://openalex.org/W2020819055","https://openalex.org/W2032403070","https://openalex.org/W2052476756","https://openalex.org/W2124677408","https://openalex.org/W2134263632","https://openalex.org/W2155886813","https://openalex.org/W2291118265","https://openalex.org/W2300981397","https://openalex.org/W2956531369","https://openalex.org/W3132672792","https://openalex.org/W4210683487","https://openalex.org/W4293660993","https://openalex.org/W4360996644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801080295","https://openalex.org/W2502457263","https://openalex.org/W2901245944","https://openalex.org/W4322709807","https://openalex.org/W4377967113","https://openalex.org/W1548310101","https://openalex.org/W1504636466","https://openalex.org/W3186841189","https://openalex.org/W2950203496","https://openalex.org/W1510166563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LEO":[0,77],"satellite":[1,78],"constellations":[2,31],"have":[3,21,33],"changed":[4],"the":[5,8,23,85,90],"world":[6,24],"for":[7],"better":[9],"through":[10],"Earth":[11],"observations,":[12],"research,":[13],"and":[14,48,52,72,79,108],"telecommunications.":[15],"Recent":[16],"advances,":[17],"especially":[18],"in":[19],"telecommunications,":[20],"brought":[22],"closer":[25],"to":[26,46,55,68,96,115],"global":[27],"connectivity.":[28],"While":[29],"these":[30],"usually":[32],"intra-network":[34],"communications,":[35],"they":[36],"generally":[37],"lack":[38],"inter-network":[39,70],"communication":[40,71],"with":[41,120],"other":[42,81],"networks":[43,119],"which":[44],"leads":[45,54],"interference":[47,51],"noise.":[49],"This":[50],"noise":[53],"degradation":[56],"of":[57,93],"network":[58],"performance.":[59],"We":[60,104],"propose":[61],"Ghost":[62],"Modulation":[63],"(GM),":[64],"a":[65,76],"novel":[66],"protocol,":[67],"enable":[69],"spectrum":[73],"coordination":[74],"between":[75],"any":[80],"device":[82],"that":[83,110],"supports":[84],"GM":[86,88],"protocol.":[87],"changes":[89],"transmission":[91],"timing":[92],"key":[94],"packets":[95,102],"encode":[97],"data":[98],"while":[99],"passing":[100],"most":[101],"through.":[103],"evaluate":[105],"our":[106],"protocol":[107],"show":[109],"it":[111],"can":[112],"be":[113],"used":[114],"dynamically":[116],"coordinate":[117],"heterogeneous":[118],"minimal":[121],"overhead.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}