{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396832729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650792","title":"Keep Eyes on the Sentence: An Interactive Sentence Simplification System for English Learners Based on Eye Tracking and Large Language Models","display_name":"Keep Eyes on the Sentence: An Interactive Sentence Simplification System for English Learners Based on Eye Tracking and Large Language Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396832729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650792"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613905.3650792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650792","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613905.3650792","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613905.3650792","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092998383","display_name":"Taichi Higasa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1504-9390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taichi Higasa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1504-9390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085731517","display_name":"Keitaro Tanaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4338-5224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keitaro Tanaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4338-5224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101959004","display_name":"Qi Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-3122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-3122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083427215","display_name":"Shigeo Morishima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-6539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shigeo Morishima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-6539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9117000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8587083220481873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.7603838443756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6745011806488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.6664550304412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6620005369186401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pace","display_name":"Pace","score":0.5888787508010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5883535742759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5566467046737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5510421991348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.4618794620037079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.4554176330566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-simplification","display_name":"Text simplification","score":0.45369675755500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.43070894479751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.42631763219833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.21067067980766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07884389162063599}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8587083220481873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.7603838443756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6745011806488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.6664550304412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6620005369186401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.5888787508010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5883535742759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5566467046737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5510421991348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.4618794620037079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.4554176330566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59415355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3484781","display_name":"Text simplification","level":3,"score":0.45369675755500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.43070894479751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.42631763219833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.21067067980766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07884389162063599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613905.3650792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650792","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613905.3650792","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613905.3650792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650792","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613905.3650792","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396832729.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559923427","https://openalex.org/W1965305672","https://openalex.org/W1969433118","https://openalex.org/W1979532929","https://openalex.org/W2008160866","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2036367260","https://openalex.org/W2061509603","https://openalex.org/W2130200371","https://openalex.org/W2519558346","https://openalex.org/W2548595117","https://openalex.org/W2737356370","https://openalex.org/W2760692555","https://openalex.org/W2771487054","https://openalex.org/W2785662861","https://openalex.org/W2788816349","https://openalex.org/W2898936689","https://openalex.org/W2920816262","https://openalex.org/W2947106455","https://openalex.org/W4206333944","https://openalex.org/W4366550219","https://openalex.org/W4387323611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0,36],"learners":[1,44,86],"should":[2],"read":[3,89],"challenging":[4],"texts":[5],"regularly.":[6],"However,":[7],"using":[8,61,92],"dictionaries":[9,101],"or":[10,96],"search":[11,103],"engines":[12],"to":[13,39,45],"look":[14],"up":[15],"difficult":[16],"expressions":[17],"can":[18],"be":[19],"time-consuming":[20],"and":[21,64,102,112],"distracting.":[22],"To":[23],"address":[24],"this,":[25],"we":[26],"have":[27],"developed":[28],"a":[29,80,97,150],"system":[30,51,68,95,106],"combining":[31],"eye":[32],"tracking":[33],"with":[34,83],"Large":[35],"Models":[37],"(LLMs)":[38],"simplify":[40],"sentences":[41,60],"automatically,":[42],"allowing":[43,126],"focus":[46],"on":[47,123,144],"the":[48,124],"content.":[49],"The":[50,67,118],"incorporates":[52],"user-tailored":[53],"models":[54],"that":[55],"estimate":[56],"users\u2019":[57],"comprehension":[58],"of":[59,147],"gaze":[62],"data":[63],"sentence":[65],"information.":[66],"also":[69],"features":[70],"user-triggered":[71],"simplification,":[72],"resulting":[73],"from":[74],"iterative":[75],"design":[76],"improvements.":[77],"We":[78],"conducted":[79],"user":[81],"study":[82],"17":[84],"English":[85,90],"where":[87],"they":[88],"text":[91,148],"either":[93],"our":[94],"baseline":[98],"involving":[99],"online":[100],"engines.":[104],"Our":[105],"significantly":[107],"improved":[108,121],"both":[109],"reading":[110,130,137,142],"speed":[111],"comprehension,":[113],"especially":[114],"for":[115,127,140],"complex":[116],"sentences.":[117],"gaze-based":[119],"simplification":[120],"concentration":[122],"content,":[125],"an":[128],"interruption-free":[129],"experience.":[131],"It":[132],"could":[133],"assist":[134],"in":[135],"daily":[136],"practice,":[138],"particularly":[139],"extensive":[141],"focused":[143],"large":[145],"volumes":[146],"at":[149],"rapid":[151],"pace.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
