{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394780772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650756","title":"\"We Need Structured Output\": Towards User-centered Constraints on Large Language Model Output","display_name":"\"We Need Structured Output\": Towards User-centered Constraints on Large Language Model Output","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394780772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613905.3650756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650756","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613905.3650756","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613905.3650756","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072682773","display_name":"Michael Xieyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8246-8736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Xieyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061681120","display_name":"Frederick Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7468-8288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081074062","display_name":"Alexander J. Fiannaca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8981-1114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander J. Fiannaca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073284166","display_name":"Terry Koo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8851-4654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terry Koo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103159534","display_name":"Lucas Dixon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-1675"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Dixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015483503","display_name":"Michael Terry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-939X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Terry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065663195","display_name":"Carrie J. Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-7128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carrie J. Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072682773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.1988,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99216769,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7759119272232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.704735517501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6907662749290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6112321615219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-centered-design","display_name":"User-centered design","score":0.611180305480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5937905311584473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.46595296263694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.45984897017478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-prototyping","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","score":0.44503605365753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.39527416229248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3295242488384247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1857319176197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17034903168678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15202683210372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.08620217442512512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7759119272232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.704735517501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6907662749290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6112321615219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161772715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136996","display_name":"User-centered design","level":2,"score":0.611180305480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5937905311584473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.46595296263694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45984897017478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780395129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128971","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","level":2,"score":0.44503605365753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.39527416229248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3295242488384247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1857319176197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17034903168678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15202683210372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.08620217442512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613905.3650756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650756","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613905.3650756","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.07362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07362","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.07362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613905.3650756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650756","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613905.3650756","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394780772.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164986850","https://openalex.org/W2533819458","https://openalex.org/W2945735543","https://openalex.org/W2964029788","https://openalex.org/W3022607203","https://openalex.org/W4220955183","https://openalex.org/W4223908421","https://openalex.org/W4224308101","https://openalex.org/W4225165463","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4289550786","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4320003957","https://openalex.org/W4330336498","https://openalex.org/W4365601419","https://openalex.org/W4366548330","https://openalex.org/W4366548599","https://openalex.org/W4367185264","https://openalex.org/W4376652984","https://openalex.org/W4387356345","https://openalex.org/W4387427818","https://openalex.org/W4387596586","https://openalex.org/W4387947166","https://openalex.org/W4387995048","https://openalex.org/W4388718089","https://openalex.org/W4389523811","https://openalex.org/W4389523912","https://openalex.org/W4389524085","https://openalex.org/W4390214275","https://openalex.org/W4391940865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981780420","https://openalex.org/W2182707996","https://openalex.org/W45233828","https://openalex.org/W2964988449","https://openalex.org/W2397952901","https://openalex.org/W2029380707","https://openalex.org/W4255934811","https://openalex.org/W2465382974","https://openalex.org/W2010229520","https://openalex.org/W2547528905"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"can":[3],"produce":[4],"creative":[5],"and":[6,45,78,82,91,111,126,136],"diverse":[7],"responses.":[8],"However,":[9],"to":[10,20,24,39,74,88],"integrate":[11],"them":[12],"into":[13],"current":[14],"developer":[15],"workflows,":[16],"it":[17],"is":[18],"essential":[19],"constrain":[21],"their":[22],"outputs":[23],"follow":[25,89],"specific":[26],"formats":[27],"or":[28],"standards.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"work,":[32],"we":[33],"surveyed":[34],"51":[35],"experienced":[36],"industry":[37],"professionals":[38],"understand":[40],"the":[41,48,71,86,104,120],"range":[42],"of":[43,108,123],"scenarios":[44],"motivations":[46],"driving":[47],"need":[49],"for":[50,63,115,142,148],"output":[51,72,87,98],"constraints":[52,64,99,141],"from":[53],"a":[54,75,131,149],"user-centered":[55],"perspective.":[56],"We":[57,128],"identified":[58],"134":[59],"concrete":[60],"use":[61],"cases":[62],"at":[65],"two":[66],"levels:":[67],"low-level,":[68],"which":[69,84],"ensures":[70],"adhere":[73],"structured":[76],"format":[77],"an":[79,145],"appropriate":[80],"length,":[81],"high-level,":[83],"requires":[85],"semantic":[90],"stylistic":[92],"guidelines":[93],"without":[94],"hallucination.":[95],"Critically,":[96],"applying":[97],"could":[100],"not":[101],"only":[102],"streamline":[103],"currently":[105],"repetitive":[106],"process":[107],"developing,":[109],"testing,":[110],"integrating":[112],"LLM":[113],"prompts":[114],"developers,":[116],"but":[117],"also":[118],"enhance":[119],"user":[121,134],"experience":[122],"LLM-powered":[124],"features":[125],"applications.":[127],"conclude":[129],"with":[130],"discussion":[132],"on":[133],"preferences":[135],"needs":[137],"towards":[138],"articulating":[139],"intended":[140],"LLMs,":[143],"alongside":[144],"initial":[146],"design":[147],"constraint":[150],"prototyping":[151],"tool.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
