{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396828482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642462","title":"DirectGPT: A Direct Manipulation Interface to Interact with Large Language Models","display_name":"DirectGPT: A Direct Manipulation Interface to Interact with Large Language Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396828482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642462"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613904.3642462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642462","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642462","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642462","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102804783","display_name":"Damien Masson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9482-8639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801862477","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801862477","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Damien Masson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada and Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","University of Toronto (27 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A1 - Canada)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9482-8639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada and Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto (27 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A1 - Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801862477","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047560482","display_name":"Sylvain Malacria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-5875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["CA","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvain Malacria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Lille, Inria, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, France and Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-5875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Lille, Inria, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, France and Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I151746483","https://openalex.org/I7454413","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074124908","display_name":"G\u00e9ry Casiez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-815X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["CA","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00e9ry Casiez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inria, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, France and Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-815X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inria, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, France and Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I151746483","https://openalex.org/I7454413","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055522213","display_name":"Daniel Vogel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7620-0541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Vogel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","CS - Cheriton School of Computer Science [Waterloo] (200 University Avenue West Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 - Canada)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7620-0541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CS - Cheriton School of Computer Science [Waterloo] (200 University Avenue West Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 - Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102804783"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483","https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I2801862477"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.5676,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99715988,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undo","display_name":"Undo","score":0.95024573802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8369091749191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.6535654067993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.649551272392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6233294010162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.5657420754432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5644577145576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5333659052848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.43678227066993713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42255282402038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30799078941345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11432015895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.1094256341457367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780154230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513420","display_name":"Undo","level":2,"score":0.95024573802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8369091749191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.6535654067993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.649551272392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6233294010162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.5657420754432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5644577145576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5333659052848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.43678227066993713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42255282402038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30799078941345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11432015895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.1094256341457367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613904.3642462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642462","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642462","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04568776v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-04568776","pdf_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-04568776/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2024), ACM, May 2024, Honolulu, United States. &#x27E8;10.1145/3613904.3642462&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Conference papers"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613904.3642462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642462","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642462","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4915642635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018-05187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396828482.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W262436420","https://openalex.org/W1512117440","https://openalex.org/W1986841213","https://openalex.org/W1994204810","https://openalex.org/W2000756542","https://openalex.org/W2005639687","https://openalex.org/W2012822361","https://openalex.org/W2021133706","https://openalex.org/W2028123195","https://openalex.org/W2031482152","https://openalex.org/W2032191478","https://openalex.org/W2041277401","https://openalex.org/W2042392351","https://openalex.org/W2042659035","https://openalex.org/W2053406820","https://openalex.org/W2073794559","https://openalex.org/W2077275673","https://openalex.org/W2078267774","https://openalex.org/W2099305423","https://openalex.org/W2104851574","https://openalex.org/W2105338439","https://openalex.org/W2107150807","https://openalex.org/W2108752510","https://openalex.org/W2113609601","https://openalex.org/W2115647291","https://openalex.org/W2133353349","https://openalex.org/W2141125339","https://openalex.org/W2155005209","https://openalex.org/W2161968588","https://openalex.org/W2167213883","https://openalex.org/W2416272719","https://openalex.org/W2724294644","https://openalex.org/W2790165607","https://openalex.org/W2796000004","https://openalex.org/W2911396267","https://openalex.org/W2972018816","https://openalex.org/W2998245691","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3031000691","https://openalex.org/W3156470785","https://openalex.org/W3160638507","https://openalex.org/W3162683185","https://openalex.org/W3203321135","https://openalex.org/W3206368713","https://openalex.org/W4221055872","https://openalex.org/W4221086478","https://openalex.org/W4225012671","https://openalex.org/W4225080353","https://openalex.org/W4225094266","https://openalex.org/W4225108562","https://openalex.org/W4225112959","https://openalex.org/W4226147014","https://openalex.org/W4238155858","https://openalex.org/W4288359814","https://openalex.org/W4289596420","https://openalex.org/W4301393026","https://openalex.org/W4310561894","https://openalex.org/W4323570570","https://openalex.org/W4365601419","https://openalex.org/W4366548330","https://openalex.org/W4377371585","https://openalex.org/W4385535562","https://openalex.org/W4385682544","https://openalex.org/W4385714563","https://openalex.org/W4385774603","https://openalex.org/W4387801283","https://openalex.org/W4387835444","https://openalex.org/W4396832834","https://openalex.org/W6950088354","https://openalex.org/W6967962621"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W79743612","https://openalex.org/W2115968517","https://openalex.org/W2575202322","https://openalex.org/W4244323118","https://openalex.org/W2158967736","https://openalex.org/W1038420441","https://openalex.org/W2114343912","https://openalex.org/W2170927537","https://openalex.org/W2054873404","https://openalex.org/W2081448291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"characterize":[1],"and":[2,45,79,84,92,116],"demonstrate":[3],"how":[4],"the":[5,41],"principles":[6],"of":[7,21,24,27,33,43,60],"direct":[8,66,112],"manipulation":[9,67],"can":[10],"improve":[11],"interaction":[12],"with":[13],"large":[14],"language":[15],"models.":[16],"This":[17,48],"includes:":[18],"continuous":[19],"representation":[20],"generated":[22],"objects":[23],"interest;":[25],"reuse":[26],"prompt":[28],"syntax":[29],"in":[30,52],"a":[31,54,102],"toolbar":[32],"commands;":[34],"manipulable":[35],"outputs":[36],"to":[37,69,88,96,105],"compose":[38],"or":[39],"control":[40],"effect":[42],"prompts;":[44],"undo":[46],"mechanisms.":[47],"idea":[49],"is":[50],"exemplified":[51],"DirectGPT,":[53],"user":[55],"interface":[56],"layer":[57],"on":[58,81],"top":[59],"ChatGPT":[61],"that":[62],"works":[63],"by":[64],"transforming":[65],"actions":[68],"engineered":[70],"prompts.":[71],"A":[72],"study":[73],"shows":[74],"participants":[75],"were":[76],"50%":[77,82],"faster":[78],"relied":[80],"fewer":[83],"72%":[85],"shorter":[86],"prompts":[87],"edit":[89],"text,":[90],"code,":[91,115],"vector":[93],"images":[94],"compared":[95],"baseline":[97],"ChatGPT.":[98],"Our":[99],"work":[100],"contributes":[101],"validated":[103],"approach":[104],"integrate":[106],"LLMs":[107],"into":[108],"traditional":[109],"software":[110],"using":[111],"manipulation.":[113],"Data,":[114],"demo":[117],"available":[118],"at":[119],"https://osf.io/3wt6s.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
