{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392271925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642219","title":"An Eye Gaze Heatmap Analysis of Uncertainty Head-Up Display Designs for Conditional Automated Driving","display_name":"An Eye Gaze Heatmap Analysis of Uncertainty Head-Up Display Designs for Conditional Automated Driving","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392271925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613904.3642219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642219","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642219","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642219","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040667368","display_name":"Michael A. Gerber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7850-6050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161676","display_name":"S&F Systemtechnik (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04dj4k716","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161676"]}],"countries":["AU","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Gerber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia and msg systems AG, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7850-6050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia and msg systems AG, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161676","https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024591851","display_name":"Ronald Schroeter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-1474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Schroeter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-1474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024222363","display_name":"Daniel Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-3460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["QUT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-3460","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"QUT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075919714","display_name":"Christian P. Janssen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9849-404X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian P. Janssen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utrecht University, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9849-404X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht University, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015152477","display_name":"Andry Rakotonirainy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-4909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andry Rakotonirainy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-4909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078238696","display_name":"Jonny Kuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6422-4623"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonny Kuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seeing Machines Ltd., Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6422-4623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seeing Machines Ltd., Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019007054","display_name":"Michael G. Lenn\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1671-6276"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Lenn\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seeing Machines, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1671-6276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seeing Machines, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.932,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94741278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.73386549949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-up-display","display_name":"Head-up display","score":0.7173078656196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6853001117706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6688798069953918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6459925174713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5541276335716248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.540948748588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-head-mounted-display","display_name":"Optical head-mounted display","score":0.45408183336257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus-onset-asynchrony","display_name":"Stimulus onset asynchrony","score":0.4373566806316376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4253203570842743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.40059706568717957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3525911569595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34525614976882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14565366506576538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.11772969365119934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.73386549949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67439701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q518461","display_name":"Head-up display","level":2,"score":0.7173078656196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6853001117706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6688798069953918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6459925174713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5541276335716248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.540948748588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9751117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105103","display_name":"Optical head-mounted display","level":2,"score":0.45408183336257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777747462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617380","display_name":"Stimulus onset asynchrony","level":3,"score":0.4373566806316376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4253203570842743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.40059706568717957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3525911569595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34525614976882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14565366506576538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.11772969365119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613904.3642219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642219","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642219","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.17751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.17751","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.17751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/482295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/482295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Part of book"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.qut.edu.au:248964","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402607","display_name":"QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","host_organization_name":"Queensland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CHI '24: Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"Chapter in Book, Report or Conference volume"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613904.3642219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642219","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642219","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392271925.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538807643","https://openalex.org/W1590508536","https://openalex.org/W1964863835","https://openalex.org/W1973748529","https://openalex.org/W1979004942","https://openalex.org/W2003053529","https://openalex.org/W2011390362","https://openalex.org/W2014380238","https://openalex.org/W2023626050","https://openalex.org/W2024529169","https://openalex.org/W2027858690","https://openalex.org/W2030192188","https://openalex.org/W2040661524","https://openalex.org/W2048121486","https://openalex.org/W2049951042","https://openalex.org/W2055104609","https://openalex.org/W2063279394","https://openalex.org/W2063874275","https://openalex.org/W2078532598","https://openalex.org/W2096391334","https://openalex.org/W2117074369","https://openalex.org/W2124670621","https://openalex.org/W2152621263","https://openalex.org/W2161054318","https://openalex.org/W2561740679","https://openalex.org/W2568458040","https://openalex.org/W2581056135","https://openalex.org/W2591131751","https://openalex.org/W2591860465","https://openalex.org/W2605516211","https://openalex.org/W2741528495","https://openalex.org/W2754248690","https://openalex.org/W2763951983","https://openalex.org/W2789106624","https://openalex.org/W2796327837","https://openalex.org/W2805546238","https://openalex.org/W2807883646","https://openalex.org/W2808886894","https://openalex.org/W2886021983","https://openalex.org/W2889775133","https://openalex.org/W2902480251","https://openalex.org/W2908550123","https://openalex.org/W2942903155","https://openalex.org/W2944422798","https://openalex.org/W2945433494","https://openalex.org/W2957205388","https://openalex.org/W3004133498","https://openalex.org/W3008238543","https://openalex.org/W3032205953","https://openalex.org/W3121606562","https://openalex.org/W3159992124","https://openalex.org/W3199666801","https://openalex.org/W4200279965","https://openalex.org/W4238879677","https://openalex.org/W4388304559"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056422604","https://openalex.org/W2282820746","https://openalex.org/W3007562207","https://openalex.org/W2036511830","https://openalex.org/W2969882686","https://openalex.org/W4385301474","https://openalex.org/W2942932712","https://openalex.org/W3189362300","https://openalex.org/W2917828945","https://openalex.org/W2071541239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,100],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"results":[3],"from":[4],"a":[5,12,18,64,73,88],"high-fidelity":[6],"driving":[7],"simulator":[8],"study":[9],"(N=215)":[10],"about":[11,24],"head-up":[13],"display":[14,40],"(HUD)":[15],"that":[16],"conveys":[17],"conditional":[19],"automated":[20],"vehicle\u2019s":[21],"dynamic":[22],"\u201cuncertainty\u201d":[23],"the":[25,48,52,77],"current":[26],"situation":[27],"while":[28],"fallback":[29],"drivers":[30],"watch":[31],"entertaining":[32],"videos.":[33],"We":[34,67,84],"compared":[35,109],"(between-group)":[36],"three":[37],"design":[38],"interventions:":[39],"(a":[41,59],"bar":[42],"visualisation":[43],"of":[44,61,76],"uncertainty":[45],"close":[46],"to":[47,71,110],"video),":[49],"interruption":[50],"(interrupting":[51],"video":[53],"during":[54,90],"uncertain":[55],"situations),":[56],"and":[57,98],"combination":[58,60,108],"both),":[62],"against":[63],"baseline":[65,127],"(video-only).":[66],"visualised":[68],"eye-tracking":[69],"data":[70],"conduct":[72],"heatmap":[74],"analysis":[75],"four":[78],"groups\u2019":[79],"gaze":[80],"behaviour":[81,103],"over":[82,136],"time.":[83],"found":[85],"interruptions":[86,114,125,131],"initiated":[87],"phase":[89],"which":[91],"participants":[92],"interleaved":[93],"their":[94],"attention":[95],"between":[96],"monitoring":[97,102],"entertainment.":[99],"improved":[101],"was":[104],"more":[105],"pronounced":[106],"in":[107],"interruption,":[111],"suggesting":[112],"pre-warning":[113],"have":[115,133],"positive":[116],"effects.":[117],"The":[118],"same":[119],"addition":[120],"had":[121],"negative":[122],"effects":[123],"without":[124,141],"(comparing":[126],"&":[128],"display).":[129],"Intermittent":[130],"may":[132],"safety":[134],"benefits":[135],"placing":[137],"additional":[138],"peripheral":[139],"displays":[140],"compromising":[142],"usability.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}