{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396691889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613903","title":"Compiler-Driven FPGA Virtualization with SYNERGY","display_name":"Compiler-Driven FPGA Virtualization with SYNERGY","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396691889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613903","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613903","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613903","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084751735","display_name":"Joshua Landgraf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Landgraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA","University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052502117","display_name":"Tiffany Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiffany Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA","University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010461272","display_name":"Will Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Will Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003307688","display_name":"Christopher J. Rossbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0329-3657"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher J. Rossbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin and VMware Research Group, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin and VMware Research Group, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077176328","display_name":"Eric Schkufza","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Schkufza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graft, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graft, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69721808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"8","first_page":"134","last_page":"142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.843895435333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.627505898475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.5956602096557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5223380327224731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.46421292424201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4416421949863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.41378897428512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.32077455520629883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.843895435333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.627505898475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.5956602096557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5223380327224731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.46421292424201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4416421949863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.41378897428512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.32077455520629883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613903","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613903","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613903","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613903","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396691889.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963656762","https://openalex.org/W1980194681","https://openalex.org/W1981869558","https://openalex.org/W1989850654","https://openalex.org/W1990079240","https://openalex.org/W2005022399","https://openalex.org/W2009116444","https://openalex.org/W2088406542","https://openalex.org/W2103270419","https://openalex.org/W2129516068","https://openalex.org/W2149625778","https://openalex.org/W2279541644","https://openalex.org/W2284169075","https://openalex.org/W2492686975","https://openalex.org/W2579247842","https://openalex.org/W2798956872","https://openalex.org/W2899044382","https://openalex.org/W2925849311","https://openalex.org/W3010835436","https://openalex.org/W3011348040","https://openalex.org/W4241173583","https://openalex.org/W4248265791","https://openalex.org/W4256629673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240253816","https://openalex.org/W3096456556","https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W2169584677","https://openalex.org/W2979513934","https://openalex.org/W4232954277","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W1967938402","https://openalex.org/W2386041993","https://openalex.org/W1608572506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"FPGAs":[0,47,132],"are":[1,35],"increasingly":[2],"common":[3],"in":[4,15,18,152],"modern":[5],"applications,":[6],"and":[7,27,104,108,130,147],"cloud":[8],"providers":[9],"now":[10],"support":[11,99],"on-demand":[12],"FPGA":[13,122,153],"acceleration":[14],"datacenters.":[16],"Applications":[17],"datacenters":[19],"run":[20,141],"on":[21,111,133],"virtual":[22],"infrastructure,":[23],"where":[24],"consolidation,":[25],"multi-tenancy,":[26],"workload":[28],"migration":[29],"enable":[30],"economies":[31],"of":[32,89,127,144],"scale":[33],"that":[34,73],"fundamental":[36],"to":[37,50,77,80,86,97,120],"the":[38,87,90],"provider's":[39],"business.":[40],"However,":[41],"a":[42,60,67,125,149],"general":[43],"strategy":[44],"for":[45,70],"virtualizing":[46],"has":[48],"yet":[49],"emerge.":[51],"While":[52],"manufacturers":[53],"struggle":[54],"with":[55],"hardware-based":[56],"approaches,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"compiler/runtime-based":[61],"solution":[62],"called":[63],"Synergy.":[64],"We":[65,117],"show":[66],"compiler":[68],"transformation":[69],"Verilog":[71],"programs":[72],"produces":[74],"code":[75],"able":[76],"yield":[78],"control":[79],"software":[81],"at":[82],"sub-clock-tick":[83],"granularity":[84],"according":[85],"semantics":[88],"original":[91],"program.":[92],"Synergy":[93,119],"uses":[94],"this":[95],"property":[96],"efficiently":[98],"core":[100],"virtualization":[101],"primitives:":[102],"suspend":[103],"resume,":[105],"program":[106],"migration,":[107],"spatial/temporal":[109],"multiplexing,":[110],"hardware":[112],"which":[113],"is":[114],"available":[115],"today.":[116],"use":[118],"virtualize":[121],"workloads":[123,137],"across":[124],"cluster":[126],"Intel":[128],"SoCs":[129],"Xilinx":[131],"Amazon":[134],"F1.":[135],"The":[136],"require":[138],"no":[139],"modification,":[140],"within":[142],"3--4x":[143],"unvirtualized":[145],"performance,":[146],"incur":[148],"modest":[150],"increase":[151],"fabric":[154],"usage.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}