{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389491857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613424.3614254","title":"AutoCC: Automatic Discovery of Covert Channels in Time-Shared Hardware","display_name":"AutoCC: Automatic Discovery of Covert Channels in Time-Shared Hardware","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389491857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613424.3614254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613424.3614254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613424.3614254","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613424.3614254","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"56th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613424.3614254","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018577011","display_name":"Marcelo Orenes-Vera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4757-4215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcelo Orenes-Vera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093450437","display_name":"Hyunsung Yun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6804-2921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunsung Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058751476","display_name":"Nils Wistoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-8060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils Wistoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025750562","display_name":"Gernot Heiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7069-0831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gernot Heiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNSW Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043408422","display_name":"Luca Benini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8068-3806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Benini","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080019688","display_name":"David Wentzlaff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-5630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Wentzlaff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002015508","display_name":"Margaret Martonosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-8032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Martonosi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018577011"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8641,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79703053,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"871","last_page":"885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stateful-firewall","display_name":"Stateful firewall","score":0.8890979290008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7663663625717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.6292272210121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.6255413293838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.513184130191803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.5104257464408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3452913165092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.18233734369277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.1765924096107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.07961887121200562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.07192191481590271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.8890979290008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7663663625717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.6292272210121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6255413293838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.513184130191803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.5104257464408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3452913165092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.18233734369277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.1765924096107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.07961887121200562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.07192191481590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613424.3614254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613424.3614254","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613424.3614254","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"56th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/959262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/959262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/647332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/647332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MICRO '23: Proceedings of the 56th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000647332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000647332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613424.3614254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613424.3614254","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613424.3614254","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"56th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2125441489","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1763838","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2258208517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101095947","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319005","funder_display_name":"Key Digital Technologies Joint Undertaking"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4049774066","display_name":"DISSERTATION RESEARCH: CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF INTERACTIONS AMONG PLANTS, PATHOGENS, AND DISEASE VECTORS","funder_award_id":"1011122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4582951547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8650-18-2-7862","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4631806410","display_name":"Spectroscopic Studies of Weakly Bound Metal-Molecule Complexes","funder_award_id":"0111227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5001241711","display_name":"LOOP (wt) Season One","funder_award_id":"1010959","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5531256694","display_name":"High Performance, Safe, Secure, Open-Source Leveraged RISC-V Domain-Specific Ecosystems","funder_award_id":"101112274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5835544597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101112274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319005","funder_display_name":"Key Digital Technologies Joint Undertaking"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6365534774","display_name":"Together for RISc-V Technology and ApplicatioNs","funder_award_id":"101095947","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7203148941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8650-18-2-7862","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319005","display_name":"Key Digital Technologies Joint Undertaking","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389491857.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389491857.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1416883001","https://openalex.org/W1503814339","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W1964281299","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2137243422","https://openalex.org/W2145936802","https://openalex.org/W2150619336","https://openalex.org/W2397193845","https://openalex.org/W2562036180","https://openalex.org/W2758676311","https://openalex.org/W2765586026","https://openalex.org/W2795015774","https://openalex.org/W2897494537","https://openalex.org/W2899727632","https://openalex.org/W2912012512","https://openalex.org/W2936567838","https://openalex.org/W2954241526","https://openalex.org/W2955155286","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W3002723160","https://openalex.org/W3096867085","https://openalex.org/W3153263805","https://openalex.org/W3154674654","https://openalex.org/W3176436306","https://openalex.org/W3184807627","https://openalex.org/W3190597741","https://openalex.org/W3213583497","https://openalex.org/W3213773220","https://openalex.org/W4232656078","https://openalex.org/W4247198503","https://openalex.org/W4251038806","https://openalex.org/W4281782992","https://openalex.org/W4285162060","https://openalex.org/W4288637392","https://openalex.org/W4300600357","https://openalex.org/W4312656147","https://openalex.org/W4313005051","https://openalex.org/W4313192083","https://openalex.org/W4327930447","https://openalex.org/W4376134033","https://openalex.org/W4385656678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W2092798601","https://openalex.org/W4239080508","https://openalex.org/W2326198059","https://openalex.org/W4319780484","https://openalex.org/W1587042134"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Covert":[0],"channels":[1,20],"enable":[2],"information":[3],"leakage":[4],"between":[5],"security":[6],"domains":[7],"that":[8],"should":[9],"be":[10],"isolated":[11],"by":[12],"observing":[13],"execution":[14],"differences":[15],"in":[16,23],"shared":[17,26],"hardware.":[18],"These":[19],"can":[21],"appear":[22],"any":[24],"stateful":[25],"resource,":[27],"including":[28],"caches,":[29],"predictors,":[30],"and":[31,41,55],"accelerators.":[32],"Previous":[33],"works":[34],"have":[35],"identified":[36],"many":[37],"vulnerable":[38],"components,":[39],"demonstrating":[40],"defending":[42],"against":[43],"attacks":[44],"via":[45],"reverse":[46],"engineering.":[47],"However,":[48],"this":[49],"approach":[50],"requires":[51],"much":[52],"human":[53],"effort":[54],"reasoning.":[56],"With":[57],"the":[58],"Cambrian":[59],"explosion":[60],"of":[61],"specialized":[62],"hardware,":[63],"it":[64],"is":[65],"becoming":[66],"increasingly":[67],"difficult":[68],"to":[69],"identify":[70],"all":[71],"vulnerabilities":[72],"manually.":[73]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}