{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387007054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613372.3613395","title":"An Assessment of Machine Learning Algorithms and Models for Prediction of Change-Prone Java Methods","display_name":"An Assessment of Machine Learning Algorithms and Models for Prediction of Change-Prone Java Methods","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387007054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613372.3613395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613372.3613395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613372.3613395","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613372.3613395","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the XXXVII Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613372.3613395","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057210195","display_name":"Paulo Roberto Farah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8023-7611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164790352","display_name":"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/03ztsbk67","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164790352"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Roberto Farah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering Department, UDESC, Brazil and PPGInf, UFPR, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8023-7611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department, UDESC, Brazil and PPGInf, UFPR, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164790352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028656483","display_name":"Rog\u00e9rio de Carvalho Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-1277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52418104","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05syd6y78","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rog\u00e9rio Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["PPGInf, UFPR, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-1277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PPGInf, UFPR, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032393345","display_name":"S\u00edlvia Regina Verg\u00edlio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3139-6266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52418104","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05syd6y78","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Vergilio","raw_affiliation_strings":["PPGInf, UFPR, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3139-6266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PPGInf, UFPR, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3155,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54168125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"322","last_page":"331"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8119034767150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.6930629014968872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6369450092315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5768890976905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5677989721298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5322786569595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.5200992822647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-evolution","display_name":"Software evolution","score":0.5151263475418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5102694034576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4957784116268158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.48746800422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4849415123462677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-lines-of-code","display_name":"Source lines of code","score":0.48484718799591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.47693580389022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.44551870226860046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4279767870903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4133599102497101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.4120680093765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.3943585753440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.3660469353199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.16939055919647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11826547980308533}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8119034767150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.6930629014968872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6369450092315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5768890976905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5677989721298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5322786569595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.5200992822647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202105479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265013","display_name":"Software evolution","level":5,"score":0.5151263475418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5102694034576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4957784116268158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.48746800422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4849415123462677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.48484718799591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.47693580389022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.44551870226860046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4279767870903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4133599102497101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.4120680093765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.3943585753440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.3660469353199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.16939055919647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11826547980308533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613372.3613395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613372.3613395","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613372.3613395","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the XXXVII Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3613372.3613395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3613372.3613395","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613372.3613395","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the XXXVII Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1350010790","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"310034/2022-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387007054.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387007054.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8673330","https://openalex.org/W1950399261","https://openalex.org/W1993220166","https://openalex.org/W2025700828","https://openalex.org/W2026750231","https://openalex.org/W2108395261","https://openalex.org/W2145603002","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2153150125","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2167363007","https://openalex.org/W2596214868","https://openalex.org/W2608962066","https://openalex.org/W2739976839","https://openalex.org/W2751180361","https://openalex.org/W2790757749","https://openalex.org/W2799668176","https://openalex.org/W2803273122","https://openalex.org/W2806625726","https://openalex.org/W2899407111","https://openalex.org/W2912083425","https://openalex.org/W2921312506","https://openalex.org/W2931229422","https://openalex.org/W2946009226","https://openalex.org/W2990885147","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3083752221","https://openalex.org/W3103732558","https://openalex.org/W4247993926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078744341","https://openalex.org/W2029555411","https://openalex.org/W4385245644","https://openalex.org/W1992074508","https://openalex.org/W2397092005","https://openalex.org/W2039168567","https://openalex.org/W1509265476","https://openalex.org/W2774439323","https://openalex.org/W2159730313","https://openalex.org/W2975512365"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"which":[1],"parts":[2],"of":[3,35,60,89,112,119,126,136,139,153,159,167,179,187],"code":[4],"are":[5,45,68,190],"prone":[6],"to":[7,14],"change":[8,28],"during":[9],"software":[10,62,66,101],"evolution":[11,185],"allows":[12,31],"developers":[13],"prioritize":[15],"and":[16,30,37,64,71,105,129,157],"allocate":[17],"resources":[18],"efficiently.":[19],"Having":[20],"as":[21,193],"focus":[22],"a":[23,116,122,130,134],"smaller":[24],"scope":[25],"makes":[26],"easier":[27],"management":[29],"monitoring":[32],"the":[33,52,75,87,148,154,170,177,184,188,194],"type":[34],"modification":[36],"its":[38],"impact.":[39],"However,":[40],"existing":[41],"change-proneness":[42],"prediction":[43,97],"approaches":[44],"focused":[46],"mainly":[47],"on":[48,176],"system":[49],"classes.":[50],"But":[51],"problem":[53],"is":[54],"that":[55,132,181],"classes":[56],"contain":[57],"many":[58],"characteristics":[59],"different":[61],"attributes":[63],"some":[65],"behaviors":[67],"more":[69],"granular":[70],"better":[72],"captured":[73],"at":[74],"method-level.":[76],"Motivated":[77],"by":[78,164],"these":[79],"facts,":[80],"in":[81,98,183],"this":[82],"paper,":[83],"we":[84],"empirically":[85],"assess":[86],"performance":[88],"four":[90],"machine":[91],"learning":[92],"algorithms":[93],"for":[94,197],"change-prone":[95],"method":[96,189],"seven":[99],"open-source":[100],"projects.":[102],"We":[103],"derived":[104],"compared":[106],"models":[107],"obtained":[108],"with":[109],"three":[110],"sets":[111,166],"independent":[113],"variables":[114],"(features):":[115],"set":[117,124,158],"composed":[118,125,163],"structural":[120],"metrics,":[121,128],"second":[123],"evolution-based":[127],"third":[131],"includes":[133],"combination":[135],"both":[137,165],"kinds":[138],"metrics.":[140],"The":[141,161],"results":[142],"show":[143],"that,":[144],"Random":[145],"Forest":[146],"presents":[147],"best":[149],"general":[150],"performance,":[151],"independently":[152],"used":[155],"indicator":[156],"features.":[160],"model":[162],"metrics":[168],"outperforms":[169],"other":[171],"two.":[172],"Two":[173],"features":[174],"based":[175],"frequency":[178],"changes":[180],"happened":[182],"history":[186],"point":[191],"out":[192],"most":[195],"important":[196],"our":[198],"problem.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-24T07:32:12.397491","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
