{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385501912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3612928","title":"Head Pose Estimation Patterns as Deepfake Detectors","display_name":"Head Pose Estimation Patterns as Deepfake Detectors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385501912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3612928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3612928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3612928","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3612928","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3612928","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065891142","display_name":"Federico Becattini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2537-2700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","display_name":"University of Siena","ror":"https://ror.org/01tevnk56","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Becattini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2537-2700","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018403922","display_name":"Carmen Bisogni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-006X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmen Bisogni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-006X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036423849","display_name":"Vincenzo Loia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4807-8942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Loia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4807-8942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074877643","display_name":"Chiara Pero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-2198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Pero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-2198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002241280","display_name":"Fei Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5288-5523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88830068","display_name":"Shaanxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0170z8493","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88830068"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019An, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5288-5523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019An, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88830068"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94764753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"11","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9110884666442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.639639139175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5497990250587463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48092958331108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4754490554332733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4675195515155792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.4294931888580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3202199935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08144363760948181}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9110884666442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.639639139175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5497990250587463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48092958331108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4754490554332733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4675195515155792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.4294931888580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3202199935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08144363760948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3612928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3612928","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3612928","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:usiena-air.unisi.it:11365/1246462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3612928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196319","display_name":"Use Siena air (University of Siena)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","host_organization_name":"University of Siena","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3612928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3612928","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3612928","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G507880695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385501912.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385501912.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2558687840","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2892035503","https://openalex.org/W2923153064","https://openalex.org/W2927589841","https://openalex.org/W2957744218","https://openalex.org/W2962970060","https://openalex.org/W2963684180","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2997051618","https://openalex.org/W3010105474","https://openalex.org/W3015671815","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3036644531","https://openalex.org/W3092537075","https://openalex.org/W3093077034","https://openalex.org/W3104300620","https://openalex.org/W3117658046","https://openalex.org/W3119222417","https://openalex.org/W3120826302","https://openalex.org/W3128578207","https://openalex.org/W3131309013","https://openalex.org/W3155203878","https://openalex.org/W3162920316","https://openalex.org/W3173581984","https://openalex.org/W3179508259","https://openalex.org/W3184620678","https://openalex.org/W4212907698","https://openalex.org/W4213449918","https://openalex.org/W4226087396","https://openalex.org/W4251572646","https://openalex.org/W4283712107","https://openalex.org/W4292596009","https://openalex.org/W4297477523","https://openalex.org/W4317383076","https://openalex.org/W4319336828","https://openalex.org/W4323928887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123263858","https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W3127959533","https://openalex.org/W2349391998","https://openalex.org/W4205655149","https://openalex.org/W4387967917","https://openalex.org/W2000775715","https://openalex.org/W4387968151","https://openalex.org/W3097502728","https://openalex.org/W4386925306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,79,142,195,217],"capacity":[1],"to":[2,53,73,148,212,224,280],"create":[3],"\u201cfake\u201d":[4],"videos":[5,226],"has":[6],"recently":[7],"raised":[8],"concerns":[9],"about":[10],"the":[11,54,93,98,132,146,160,164,171,174,183,236,238,245,254,268],"reliability":[12],"of":[13,128,134,173,242,251],"multimedia":[14],"content.":[15],"Identifying":[16],"between":[17],"true":[18],"and":[19,38,88,110,191,249,263,283],"false":[20],"information":[21],"is":[22,157,167,200,219],"a":[23,102,126,150,209,213],"critical":[24],"step":[25],"toward":[26],"resolving":[27],"this":[28,31,60,77],"problem.":[29],"On":[30,163],"issue,":[32],"several":[33],"algorithms":[34],"utilizing":[35,153],"deep":[36,136],"learning":[37,104,137],"facial":[39],"landmarks":[40,46],"have":[41],"yielded":[42],"intriguing":[43],"results.":[44],"Facial":[45],"are":[47,50,83,91,117,179,277],"traits":[48],"that":[49,145,186,198],"solely":[51],"tied":[52],"subject\u2019s":[55],"head":[56],"posture.":[57],"Based":[58],"on":[59,85,97,107,139,159,170,182,244,253],"observation,":[61],"we":[62],"study":[63],"how":[64],"Head":[65],"Pose":[66],"Estimation":[67],"(HPE)":[68],"patterns":[69,81,116],"may":[70],"be":[71,281],"utilized":[72,175],"detect":[74],"deepfakes":[75],"in":[76,222],"work.":[78],"HPE":[80,155,161,176,274],"studied":[82],"based":[84,106],"FSA-Net,":[86],"SynergyNet,":[87],"WSM,":[89],"which":[90,276],"among":[92],"most":[94],"performant":[95],"approaches":[96],"state-of-the-art.":[99],"Finally,":[100],"using":[101,135,228,272],"machine":[103],"technique":[105],"K-Nearest":[108],"Neighbor":[109],"Dynamic":[111],"Time":[112],"Warping,":[113],"their":[114],"temporal":[115],"categorized":[118],"as":[119],"authentic":[120],"or":[121,215,231],"false.":[122],"We":[123],"also":[124,220,278],"offer":[125,259],"set":[127],"experiments":[129],"for":[130,206,232,266],"examining":[131],"feasibility":[133],"techniques":[138],"such":[140],"patterns.":[141],"findings":[143,196,258],"reveal":[144],"ability":[147],"recognize":[149],"deepfake":[151,214,225,269],"video":[152],"an":[154,201],"pattern":[156,210],"dependent":[158,169],"methodology.":[162],"contrary,":[165],"performance":[166,172],"less":[168],"technique.":[177],"Experiments":[178],"carried":[180],"out":[181],"FaceForensics++":[184],"dataset":[185],"presents":[187],"both":[188],"identity":[189,246],"swap":[190,193,247],"expression":[192,255],"examples.":[194],"show":[197],"FSA-Net":[199],"effective":[202],"feature":[203],"extraction":[204],"method":[205,239],"determining":[207],"whether":[208],"belongs":[211],"not.":[216],"approach":[218],"robust":[221],"comparison":[223],"created":[227],"various":[229,261],"methods":[230],"different":[233],"goals.":[234],"In":[235],"mean":[237],"obtain":[240],"86%":[241],"accuracy":[243,252],"task":[248],"86.5%":[250],"swap.":[256],"These":[257],"up":[260],"possibilities":[262],"future":[264],"directions":[265],"solving":[267],"detection":[270],"problem":[271],"specialized":[273],"approaches,":[275],"known":[279],"fast":[282],"reliable.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}