{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385850093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616250","title":"A Four-Year Study of Student Contributions to OSS vs. OSS4SG with a Lightweight Intervention","display_name":"A Four-Year Study of Student Contributions to OSS vs. OSS4SG with a Lightweight Intervention","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385850093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3611643.3616250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616250","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8250989","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101392876","display_name":"Zihan Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2151-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036957433","display_name":"Madeline Endres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-4939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madeline Endres","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061605447","display_name":"Thomas Zimmermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-1469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Zimmermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002962395","display_name":"Denae Ford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0654-4335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denae Ford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083601969","display_name":"Westley Weimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-2204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Westley Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030030910","display_name":"Kevin Leach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-3442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Leach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055069752","display_name":"Yu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2730-5077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101392876"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1323,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84367581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12028","display_name":"Knowledge Management and Sharing","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","score":0.6166529059410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software","display_name":"Open source software","score":0.6084882020950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.523510754108429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5147964358329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.48662981390953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.4758595824241638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.45622238516807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.45012545585632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42998209595680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.42125070095062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.41907715797424316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4182833433151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4111872911453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3407668471336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.33713215589523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.32401561737060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2818281352519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.13042691349983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.09977272152900696}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.6166529059410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988343187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645","display_name":"Open source software","level":3,"score":0.6084882020950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.523510754108429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5147964358329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.48662981390953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.4758595824241638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45622238516807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.45012545585632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42998209595680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.42125070095062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.41907715797424316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4182833433151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4111872911453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3407668471336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.33713215589523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.32401561737060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2818281352519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.13042691349983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09977272152900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3611643.3616250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616250","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8250989","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8250989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8250989","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8250989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W205312491","https://openalex.org/W215720656","https://openalex.org/W1528130945","https://openalex.org/W1617312895","https://openalex.org/W1618633766","https://openalex.org/W1766939430","https://openalex.org/W1975782063","https://openalex.org/W2003205790","https://openalex.org/W2003522902","https://openalex.org/W2016171267","https://openalex.org/W2082437258","https://openalex.org/W2105124919","https://openalex.org/W2120983913","https://openalex.org/W2132124792","https://openalex.org/W2134807463","https://openalex.org/W2139092060","https://openalex.org/W2140952846","https://openalex.org/W2144060866","https://openalex.org/W2154766714","https://openalex.org/W2167426865","https://openalex.org/W2175909646","https://openalex.org/W2180211320","https://openalex.org/W2196194190","https://openalex.org/W2280521391","https://openalex.org/W2529448775","https://openalex.org/W2573567822","https://openalex.org/W2605983154","https://openalex.org/W2761388199","https://openalex.org/W2789060434","https://openalex.org/W2807847107","https://openalex.org/W2808029430","https://openalex.org/W2923833659","https://openalex.org/W2954633895","https://openalex.org/W2987687357","https://openalex.org/W3082547986","https://openalex.org/W3107708718","https://openalex.org/W3128576265","https://openalex.org/W3162948197","https://openalex.org/W3163812320","https://openalex.org/W3194371446","https://openalex.org/W4253162693","https://openalex.org/W4285132161","https://openalex.org/W4312918207","https://openalex.org/W4367625609","https://openalex.org/W4385995888"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4376877853","https://openalex.org/W1493891899","https://openalex.org/W4250928611","https://openalex.org/W166480398","https://openalex.org/W167327709","https://openalex.org/W4387839566","https://openalex.org/W4210922265","https://openalex.org/W2491403535","https://openalex.org/W2108777707","https://openalex.org/W2328580451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"software":[1,20],"engineering":[2],"practice":[3],"and":[4,28,43,66,133,141,175,230,245],"training":[5],"increasingly":[6],"rely":[7],"on":[8],"Open":[9],"Source":[10],"Software":[11],"(OSS).":[12],"The":[13],"recent":[14],"growth":[15,255],"in":[16,49,127,156,228],"demand":[17],"for":[18,117,180,224,252],"professional":[19],"engineers":[21],"has":[22],"led":[23],"to":[24,55,61,96,109,148,194,247],"increased":[25,176,191],"contributions":[26,72,92,193],"to,":[27,57],"usage":[29],"of,":[30],"OSS.":[31],"However,":[32],"there":[33],"is":[34],"limited":[35],"understanding":[36],"of":[37,76,90,113,207,233,256],"the":[38,74,87,101,111,142,222,231,253],"factors":[39,208],"affecting":[40],"how":[41,44],"developers,":[42],"new":[45,225],"or":[46,212],"student":[47,138,166,192],"developers":[48,75,226],"particular,":[50],"decide":[51],"which":[52],"OSS":[53,62,71,121,150],"projects":[54,116,122],"contribute":[56],"a":[58,80,106,215,249],"process":[59],"critical":[60],"sustainability,":[63],"access,":[64],"adoption,":[65],"growth.":[67],"To":[68],"better":[69],"understand":[70],"from":[73],"tomorrow,":[77],"we":[78,103,136,152,204],"conducted":[79],"four-year":[81],"study":[82],"with":[83,190,214],"1,361":[84],"students":[85],"investigating":[86],"life":[88],"cycle":[89],"their":[91,234],"(from":[93],"project":[94,157,243],"selection":[95,158],"pull":[97,143],"request":[98],"acceptance).":[99],"During":[100],"study,":[102],"also":[104,184,237],"delivered":[105],"lightweight":[107],"intervention":[108,188],"promote":[110],"awareness":[112],"open":[114],"source":[115],"social":[118],"good":[119],"(OSS4SG),":[120],"that":[123,186],"have":[124],"positive":[125],"impacts":[126],"other":[128],"domains.":[129],"Using":[130],"both":[131],"quantitative":[132],"qualitative":[134],"methods,":[135],"analyze":[137,205],"experience":[139,223],"reports":[140],"requests":[144],"they":[145],"submit.":[146],"Compared":[147],"general":[149],"projects,":[151],"find":[153,185],"significant":[154],"differences":[155],"(\ud835\udc5d":[159,168,196],"<":[160,169,197],"0.0001,":[161,198],"effect":[162,171,199],"size":[163,172,200],"=":[164,173,201],"0.84),":[165],"motivation":[167],"0.01,":[170],"0.13),":[174],"pull-request":[177],"acceptance":[178],"rates":[179],"OSS4SG":[181,195,229],"contributions.":[182,235],"We":[183,236],"our":[187,239],"correlates":[189],"0.38).":[202],"Finally,":[203],"correlations":[206],"such":[209],"as":[210],"gender":[211],"working":[213],"partner.":[216],"Our":[217],"findings":[218],"may":[219],"help":[220],"improve":[221],"participating":[227],"quality":[232],"hope":[238],"work":[240],"helps":[241],"educators,":[242],"leaders,":[244],"contributors":[246],"build":[248],"mutually-beneficial":[250],"framework":[251],"future":[254],"OSS4SG.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}