{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392864847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611018","title":"Combining Machine Learning and Lifetime-Based Resource Management for Memory Allocation and Beyond","display_name":"Combining Machine Learning and Lifetime-Based Resource Management for Memory Allocation and Beyond","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392864847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3611018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611018","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3611018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3611018","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013891231","display_name":"Martin Maas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7653-8139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Maas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085479490","display_name":"David G. Andersen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David G. Andersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089543053","display_name":"Michael Isard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Isard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015600427","display_name":"Mohammad Mahdi Javanmard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0216-4845"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Mahdi Javanmard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087054368","display_name":"Kathryn S. McKinley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-2501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathryn S. McKinley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045077843","display_name":"Colin Raffel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin Raffel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.477,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94616007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"4","first_page":"87","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allocator","display_name":"Allocator","score":0.9842478036880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8535762429237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heap","display_name":"Heap (data structure)","score":0.7370127439498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-dynamic-memory-allocation","display_name":"C dynamic memory allocation","score":0.6955129504203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/address-space","display_name":"Address space","score":0.6151054501533508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-leak","display_name":"Memory leak","score":0.5235233306884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.5174658894538879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4545610547065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4008164703845978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36236393451690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.21383729577064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1418318748474121}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162262903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q343527","display_name":"Allocator","level":2,"score":0.9842478036880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8535762429237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134757568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274089","display_name":"Heap (data structure)","level":2,"score":0.7370127439498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34339311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050390","display_name":"C dynamic memory allocation","level":4,"score":0.6955129504203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144240696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367204","display_name":"Address space","level":2,"score":0.6151054501533508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156731835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751740","display_name":"Memory leak","level":4,"score":0.5235233306884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.5174658894538879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4545610547065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4008164703845978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36236393451690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.21383729577064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1418318748474121}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3611018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611018","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3611018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3611018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611018","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3611018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392864847.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392864847.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1899349177","https://openalex.org/W1974715526","https://openalex.org/W2020733012","https://openalex.org/W2036895660","https://openalex.org/W2050801173","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2085325584","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2765982206","https://openalex.org/W2779888504","https://openalex.org/W2934727176","https://openalex.org/W2977633660","https://openalex.org/W3046439596","https://openalex.org/W3102579034","https://openalex.org/W3174469622","https://openalex.org/W4231427385","https://openalex.org/W4241060387","https://openalex.org/W4320812963","https://openalex.org/W6600882715","https://openalex.org/W6713134421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766468145","https://openalex.org/W92825922","https://openalex.org/W4379518516","https://openalex.org/W4379141974","https://openalex.org/W2486766535","https://openalex.org/W3104774169","https://openalex.org/W2145479933","https://openalex.org/W2361476655","https://openalex.org/W2944895246","https://openalex.org/W1826158585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Memory":[0],"management":[1],"is":[2,61],"fundamental":[3],"to":[4,19,26,70,126,138,164,186,192,224],"the":[5,24,55,87,94,98,155,167],"performance":[6],"of":[7,57,89,100,116,228],"all":[8],"applications.":[9],"On":[10],"modern":[11],"server":[12],"architectures,":[13],"an":[14],"application's":[15],"memory":[16,21,44,73,117,129,140,176,222],"allocator":[17,118,153,177],"needs":[18],"balance":[20],"utilization":[22,74,130],"against":[23],"ability":[25],"use":[27],"2MB":[28],"huge":[29,76,133,182],"pages,":[30],"which":[31,60],"are":[32,46],"crucial":[33],"for":[34,196],"achieving":[35],"high":[36,72,128],"performance.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"shows":[40],"that":[41,85,119,142,172],"prior":[42,139],"C++":[43],"allocators":[45,63,141],"fundamentally":[47,113],"limited":[48],"because":[49],"optimizing":[50],"this":[51,173,217],"trade-off":[52],"depends":[53],"on":[54,158,166],"knowledge":[56],"object":[58,123],"lifetimes,":[59],"information":[62],"lack.":[64],"We":[65,78,109,169],"introduce":[66,80],"a":[67,81,112,193,225],"two-step":[68],"approach":[69,84,189,218],"attain":[71],"in":[75,199,210],"pages.":[77],"first":[79],"novel":[82],"machine-learning":[83],"predicts":[86],"lifetime":[88,124,160],"freshly":[90],"allocated":[91],"objects":[92],"using":[93],"stack":[95,104],"trace":[96],"at":[97,131],"time":[99],"allocation":[101,223],"and":[102,149,162,213],"treats":[103],"traces":[105],"as":[106],"natural":[107],"language.":[108],"then":[110],"present":[111],"new":[114,194],"type":[115],"exploits":[120],"(potentially":[121],"incorrect)":[122],"predictions":[125],"achieve":[127],"full":[132],"page":[134],"usage.":[135],"In":[136,202],"contrast":[137],"organize":[143],"their":[144],"heap":[145,156],"around":[146],"size":[147],"classes":[148,161],"free":[150],"lists,":[151],"our":[152],"organizes":[154],"based":[157],"predicted":[159],"adjusts":[163],"mispredictions":[165],"fly.":[168],"demonstrate":[170],"experimentally":[171],"learned":[174],"lifetime-aware":[175],"(LLAMA)":[178],"reduces":[179],"fragmentation":[180],"with":[181],"pages":[183],"by":[184],"up":[185],"78%.":[187],"Our":[188],"gives":[190],"rise":[191],"methodology":[195],"applying":[197],"ML":[198],"computer":[200,211],"systems.":[201],"addition,":[203],"similar":[204],"space-time":[205],"bin":[206],"packing":[207],"problems":[208],"abound":[209],"science":[212],"we":[214],"discuss":[215],"how":[216],"has":[219],"applications":[220],"beyond":[221],"wide":[226],"range":[227],"problems.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}