{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387087488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3610886","title":"What and When to Explain?","display_name":"What and When to Explain?","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387087488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3610886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3610886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3610886","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3610886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3610886","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087882218","display_name":"Gwangbin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4512-1573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gwangbin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4512-1573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018856638","display_name":"Dohyeon Yeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0531-9291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dohyeon Yeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0531-9291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080798297","display_name":"Taewoo Jo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4703-702X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taewoo Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4703-702X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066830185","display_name":"Daniela Rus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-3566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Rus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-3566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024970503","display_name":"SeungJun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-2483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SeungJun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-2483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.138,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98070415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.7416940927505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.7333284020423889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6489079594612122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6486784815788269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situational-ethics","display_name":"Situational ethics","score":0.6479154825210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-perception","display_name":"Risk perception","score":0.5202295184135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5114561319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4945668876171112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4828208386898041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.46618032455444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45796823501586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4250236451625824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.4145548641681671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4042830467224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.35061222314834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25100618600845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.23680514097213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.19572407007217407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14969587326049805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.7416940927505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.7333284020423889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6489079594612122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6486784815788269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9114305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428317","display_name":"Situational ethics","level":2,"score":0.6479154825210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163355716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154783","display_name":"Risk perception","level":3,"score":0.5202295184135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5114561319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4945668876171112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4828208386898041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.46618032455444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45796823501586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4250236451625824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.4145548641681671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4042830467224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35061222314834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25100618600845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.23680514097213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.19572407007217407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14969587326049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3610886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3610886","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3610886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/152332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152332","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/152332/1/3610886.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3610886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3610886","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3610886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321317","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387087488.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387087488.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1198252587","https://openalex.org/W1988582424","https://openalex.org/W1997186533","https://openalex.org/W1999184850","https://openalex.org/W2002802905","https://openalex.org/W2044140042","https://openalex.org/W2045128528","https://openalex.org/W2063279394","https://openalex.org/W2110171129","https://openalex.org/W2120339204","https://openalex.org/W2144408839","https://openalex.org/W2152455756","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2286247980","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2523269320","https://openalex.org/W2547833579","https://openalex.org/W2551641937","https://openalex.org/W2592057726","https://openalex.org/W2594683779","https://openalex.org/W2610505880","https://openalex.org/W2757805917","https://openalex.org/W2782572802","https://openalex.org/W2783963507","https://openalex.org/W2786051348","https://openalex.org/W2795577589","https://openalex.org/W2796174671","https://openalex.org/W2800029302","https://openalex.org/W2885138528","https://openalex.org/W2890002952","https://openalex.org/W2891214356","https://openalex.org/W2907156027","https://openalex.org/W2913593702","https://openalex.org/W2915317031","https://openalex.org/W2915959791","https://openalex.org/W2941908348","https://openalex.org/W2942274168","https://openalex.org/W2942501971","https://openalex.org/W2942678267","https://openalex.org/W2943654507","https://openalex.org/W2946112597","https://openalex.org/W2957205388","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963016445","https://openalex.org/W2973351510","https://openalex.org/W2973456219","https://openalex.org/W2994011281","https://openalex.org/W2996683616","https://openalex.org/W2999520542","https://openalex.org/W3006628145","https://openalex.org/W3008238543","https://openalex.org/W3029907481","https://openalex.org/W3035292170","https://openalex.org/W3035337382","https://openalex.org/W3044403197","https://openalex.org/W3046330049","https://openalex.org/W3067489091","https://openalex.org/W3086578040","https://openalex.org/W3086725055","https://openalex.org/W3090869730","https://openalex.org/W3096541186","https://openalex.org/W3101279734","https://openalex.org/W3123894539","https://openalex.org/W3139113286","https://openalex.org/W3154896545","https://openalex.org/W3156413248","https://openalex.org/W3162214210","https://openalex.org/W3163193324","https://openalex.org/W3163608763","https://openalex.org/W3163810540","https://openalex.org/W3196025145","https://openalex.org/W3199512286","https://openalex.org/W3201521898","https://openalex.org/W3205358183","https://openalex.org/W3208686032","https://openalex.org/W3210065386","https://openalex.org/W4205539074","https://openalex.org/W4224956739","https://openalex.org/W4281477602","https://openalex.org/W4283072663","https://openalex.org/W4284899358","https://openalex.org/W4285813060","https://openalex.org/W4285813129","https://openalex.org/W4288391450","https://openalex.org/W4288400169","https://openalex.org/W4296306256","https://openalex.org/W4296306300","https://openalex.org/W4296782671","https://openalex.org/W4296786636","https://openalex.org/W4307476010","https://openalex.org/W4360991142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185469136","https://openalex.org/W2011264131","https://openalex.org/W2012350746","https://openalex.org/W4306353150","https://openalex.org/W3024912289","https://openalex.org/W2026860389","https://openalex.org/W2415747217","https://openalex.org/W2143767096","https://openalex.org/W8219677","https://openalex.org/W4381733965"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Explanations":[0],"in":[1,16,33],"automated":[2],"vehicles":[3,28,118],"help":[4],"passengers":[5,21,171],"understand":[6],"the":[7,17,34,37,53,89,127,132,147,154,163],"vehicle's":[8,128],"state":[9,130],"and":[10,26,63,99,137,184,188,197],"capabilities,":[11],"leading":[12],"to":[13,50,161],"increased":[14],"trust":[15,62],"technology.":[18],"Specifically,":[19],"for":[20,193],"of":[22,40,55,91,165],"SAE":[23],"Level":[24],"4":[25],"5":[27],"who":[29,74],"are":[30,172],"not":[31],"engaged":[32],"driving":[35,82,114],"process,":[36],"enhanced":[38],"sense":[39],"control":[41,162],"provided":[42,103],"by":[43],"explanations":[44,59],"reduces":[45],"potential":[46],"anxieties,":[47],"enabling":[48],"them":[49],"fully":[51],"leverage":[52],"benefits":[54],"automation.":[56],"To":[57],"construct":[58],"that":[60,125,153],"enhance":[61],"situational":[64,138],"awareness":[65,139],"without":[66,140,145],"disturbing":[67],"passengers,":[68],"we":[69,87],"suggest":[70],"testing":[71,186],"with":[72,119,174],"people":[73],"ultimately":[75],"employ":[76],"such":[77],"explanations,":[78],"ideally":[79],"under":[80,106,112],"real-world":[81],"conditions.":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85],"study,":[86],"examined":[88],"impact":[90],"various":[92],"visual":[93],"explanation":[94,167,198],"types":[95],"(perception,":[96],"attention,":[97],"perception+attention)":[98],"timing":[100,164],"mechanisms":[101],"(constantly":[102],"or":[104],"only":[105],"risky":[107],"scenarios)":[108],"on":[109],"passenger":[110],"experience":[111],"naturalistic":[113],"scenarios":[115],"using":[116],"actual":[117],"mixed-reality":[120],"support.":[121],"Our":[122,176],"findings":[123],"indicate":[124],"visualizing":[126],"perception":[129],"improves":[131],"perceived":[133],"usability,":[134],"trust,":[135],"safety,":[136],"adding":[141],"cognitive":[142],"burden,":[143],"even":[144],"explaining":[146],"underlying":[148],"causes.":[149],"We":[150],"also":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"traffic":[155],"risk":[156],"probability":[157],"could":[158],"be":[159,190],"used":[160],"an":[166],"delivery,":[168],"particularly":[169],"when":[170],"overwhelmed":[173],"information.":[175],"study's":[177],"on-road":[178],"evaluation":[179],"method":[180],"offers":[181],"a":[182],"safe":[183],"reliable":[185],"environment":[187],"can":[189],"easily":[191],"customized":[192],"other":[194],"AI":[195],"models":[196],"modalities.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}