{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387323611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3610661.3616177","title":"Gaze-Driven Sentence Simplification for Language Learners: Enhancing Comprehension and Readability","display_name":"Gaze-Driven Sentence Simplification for Language Learners: Enhancing Comprehension and Readability","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387323611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3610661.3616177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3610661.3616177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3610661.3616177","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Cconference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.00355","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092998383","display_name":"Taichi Higasa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1504-9390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taichi Higasa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1504-9390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085731517","display_name":"Keitaro Tanaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4338-5224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keitaro Tanaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4338-5224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101959004","display_name":"Qi Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-3122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-3122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083427215","display_name":"Shigeo Morishima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-6539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shigeo Morishima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-6539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"292","last_page":"296"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.8589959144592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8180729150772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.7346108555793762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.7159802913665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.682660698890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.6144909262657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.6108099222183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.588320791721344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5680735111236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-simplification","display_name":"Text simplification","score":0.526367723941803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.522659957408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.4980738162994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.48099789023399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.45061153173446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4296780228614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08282646536827087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.8589959144592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8180729150772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.7346108555793762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.7159802913665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.682660698890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.6144909262657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6108099222183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.588320791721344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5680735111236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59415355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3484781","display_name":"Text simplification","level":3,"score":0.526367723941803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.522659957408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.4980738162994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.48099789023399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.45061153173446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4296780228614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08282646536827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3610661.3616177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3610661.3616177","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Cconference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2310.00355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00355","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.00355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2310.00355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00355","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.00355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7893352204","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP21H05054","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387323611.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387323611.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9489473","https://openalex.org/W1559923427","https://openalex.org/W1965305672","https://openalex.org/W1969433118","https://openalex.org/W1979532929","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2036367260","https://openalex.org/W2061509603","https://openalex.org/W2519558346","https://openalex.org/W2548595117","https://openalex.org/W2785662861","https://openalex.org/W2898494310","https://openalex.org/W2920816262","https://openalex.org/W2947106455","https://openalex.org/W2955294302","https://openalex.org/W3035008906","https://openalex.org/W3212250752","https://openalex.org/W4206333944","https://openalex.org/W4251989754","https://openalex.org/W4287854338","https://openalex.org/W4366550219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W176147302","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2017590850","https://openalex.org/W2972413965","https://openalex.org/W4387030783","https://openalex.org/W3011245529","https://openalex.org/W1840895554","https://openalex.org/W1870118849","https://openalex.org/W4221091405"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0],"learners":[1],"should":[2],"regularly":[3],"engage":[4],"in":[5,126],"reading":[6,36,102],"challenging":[7],"materials":[8],"as":[9],"part":[10],"of":[11,113,128],"their":[12,40,98],"study":[13],"routine.":[14],"Nevertheless,":[15],"constantly":[16],"referring":[17],"to":[18,34,52,62],"dictionaries":[19],"is":[20,111],"time-consuming":[21],"and":[22,59,80,132],"distracting.":[23],"This":[24],"paper":[25],"presents":[26],"a":[27],"novel":[28],"gaze-driven":[29],"sentence":[30,64],"simplification":[31,123],"system":[32,46,68,110],"designed":[33],"enhance":[35],"comprehension":[37,70],"while":[38,101],"maintaining":[39],"focus":[41],"on":[42,97],"the":[43,67],"content.":[44],"Our":[45],"incorporates":[47],"machine":[48],"learning":[49],"models":[50],"tailored":[51],"individual":[53,133],"learners,":[54,94],"combining":[55],"eye":[56,99],"gaze":[57],"features":[58,61],"linguistic":[60,139],"assess":[63],"comprehension.":[65,117],"When":[66],"identifies":[69],"difficulties,":[71],"it":[72],"provides":[73],"simplified":[74],"versions":[75],"by":[76],"replacing":[77],"complex":[78],"vocabulary":[79],"grammar":[81],"with":[82,91],"simpler":[83],"alternatives":[84],"via":[85],"GPT-3.5.":[86],"We":[87],"conducted":[88],"an":[89],"experiment":[90],"19":[92],"English":[93,103],"collecting":[95],"data":[96],"movements":[100],"text.":[104],"The":[105],"results":[106],"demonstrated":[107],"that":[108,121],"our":[109],"capable":[112],"accurately":[114],"estimating":[115],"sentence-level":[116],"Additionally,":[118],"we":[119],"found":[120],"GPT-3.5":[122],"improved":[124],"readability":[125,130],"terms":[127],"traditional":[129],"metrics":[131],"word":[134],"difficulty,":[135],"paraphrasing":[136],"across":[137],"different":[138],"levels.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2023-10-04T00:00:00"}
