{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385699319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609427","title":"Random Testing and Evolutionary Testing for Fuzzing GraphQL APIs","display_name":"Random Testing and Evolutionary Testing for Fuzzing GraphQL APIs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385699319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609427"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3609427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609427","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3609427","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3609427","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030823020","display_name":"Asma Belhadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-2179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800207870","display_name":"H\u00f8yskolen Kristiania","ror":"https://ror.org/03gss5916","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asma Belhadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kristiania University College, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-2179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kristiania University College, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353083","display_name":"Man Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1204-9322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800207870","display_name":"H\u00f8yskolen Kristiania","ror":"https://ror.org/03gss5916","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Man Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kristiania University College, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1204-9322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kristiania University College, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052735480","display_name":"Andrea Arcuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-2930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800207870","display_name":"H\u00f8yskolen Kristiania","ror":"https://ror.org/03gss5916","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Arcuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kristiania University College and Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-2930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kristiania University College and Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9037,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96255274,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8190966844558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.5609695911407471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-programming-interface","display_name":"Application programming interface","score":0.5211877226829529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-suite","display_name":"Test suite","score":0.4813419282436371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4800456762313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.4717446267604828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-testing","display_name":"Random testing","score":0.44390055537223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4381037950515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-box-testing","display_name":"White-box testing","score":0.4208831489086151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-box","display_name":"White box","score":0.41465601325035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.3615734279155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.31916698813438416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2618371546268463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.18450361490249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.1296747922897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.1287839412689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.10125023126602173}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8190966844558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.5609695911407471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99613125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165194","display_name":"Application programming interface","level":2,"score":0.5211877226829529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.4813419282436371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4800456762313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.4717446267604828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146789","display_name":"Random testing","level":4,"score":0.44390055537223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4381037950515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162443782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066228","display_name":"White-box testing","level":5,"score":0.4208831489086151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180932941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q997233","display_name":"White box","level":2,"score":0.41465601325035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.3615734279155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.31916698813438416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2618371546268463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.18450361490249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.1296747922897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1287839412689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.10125023126602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3609427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609427","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3609427","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oda.oslomet.no:11250/3112643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3112643","pdf_url":"https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/bitstream/11250/3112643/1/3609427.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kristiania.brage.unit.no:11250/3112634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3112634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1-41","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3609427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609427","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3609427","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385699319.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385699319.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526710119","https://openalex.org/W1639726083","https://openalex.org/W1674046048","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W1977321274","https://openalex.org/W1993760289","https://openalex.org/W2012198830","https://openalex.org/W2012210872","https://openalex.org/W2041713059","https://openalex.org/W2077065176","https://openalex.org/W2101629181","https://openalex.org/W2110337982","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2151554678","https://openalex.org/W2165220807","https://openalex.org/W2293616642","https://openalex.org/W2306992465","https://openalex.org/W2463553622","https://openalex.org/W2498262529","https://openalex.org/W2586946380","https://openalex.org/W2749159177","https://openalex.org/W2768363122","https://openalex.org/W2788042037","https://openalex.org/W2789091536","https://openalex.org/W2790334838","https://openalex.org/W2795825100","https://openalex.org/W2804003629","https://openalex.org/W2807795190","https://openalex.org/W2888468285","https://openalex.org/W2888495597","https://openalex.org/W2955498974","https://openalex.org/W2963723316","https://openalex.org/W2982132156","https://openalex.org/W2997401484","https://openalex.org/W3002769382","https://openalex.org/W3010044360","https://openalex.org/W3038801694","https://openalex.org/W3043201130","https://openalex.org/W3047047526","https://openalex.org/W3047848029","https://openalex.org/W3101115706","https://openalex.org/W3104260925","https://openalex.org/W3105739932","https://openalex.org/W3106293840","https://openalex.org/W3111328349","https://openalex.org/W3113353684","https://openalex.org/W3119672550","https://openalex.org/W3119757615","https://openalex.org/W3126854574","https://openalex.org/W3170391117","https://openalex.org/W3202888839","https://openalex.org/W3204593724","https://openalex.org/W4220791610","https://openalex.org/W4224306538","https://openalex.org/W4253935946","https://openalex.org/W4280594605","https://openalex.org/W4282575795","https://openalex.org/W4282585420","https://openalex.org/W4285805549","https://openalex.org/W4287552959","https://openalex.org/W4295135586","https://openalex.org/W4300811928","https://openalex.org/W4313447353","https://openalex.org/W4321482783","https://openalex.org/W4323256277","https://openalex.org/W4376504003","https://openalex.org/W6848268031","https://openalex.org/W6891868884","https://openalex.org/W6912768993","https://openalex.org/W6912816995","https://openalex.org/W6931626137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3119380829","https://openalex.org/W2903305687","https://openalex.org/W3019261932","https://openalex.org/W4388858992","https://openalex.org/W2955968478","https://openalex.org/W2515650212","https://openalex.org/W2472032217","https://openalex.org/W2547155723","https://openalex.org/W3177546869","https://openalex.org/W4207068811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,73,112,151],"Graph":[1],"Query":[2],"Language":[3],"(GraphQL)":[4],"is":[5,76,86,90,128,154],"a":[6,46,144],"powerful":[7],"language":[8],"for":[9,27,40,49],"application":[10],"programming":[11],"interface":[12],"(API)":[13],"manipulation":[14],"in":[15],"web":[16],"services.":[17],"It":[18,127],"has":[19,136],"been":[20],"recently":[21],"introduced":[22],"as":[23],"an":[24,37],"alternative":[25],"solution":[26,39,103],"addressing":[28],"the":[29,54,79,83,102,120,124,159,187,192,205,208],"limitations":[30],"of":[31,67,82,123,130,186,207],"RESTful":[32],"APIs.":[33],"This":[34],"article":[35],"introduces":[36],"automated":[38,50],"GraphQL":[41,84,125,149,176,202],"API":[42,51,85],"testing.":[43,72],"We":[44],"present":[45],"full":[47],"framework":[48,153],"testing,":[52],"from":[53],"schema":[55],"extraction":[56],"to":[57,99,119,147,191,211],"test":[58],"case":[59],"generation.":[60],"In":[61,139,196],"addition,":[62,197],"we":[63,142],"consider":[64],"two":[65],"kinds":[66],"testing:":[68],"white-box":[69,74,166,169],"and":[70,109,156,178],"black-box":[71,113,209],"testing":[75,114],"performed":[77],"when":[78],"source":[80,121,161,175],"code":[81,107,122],"available.":[87],"Our":[88],"approach":[89,189],"based":[91],"on":[92,172,199],"evolutionary":[93,188],"search.":[94,195],"Test":[95],"cases":[96],"are":[97],"evolved":[98],"intelligently":[100],"explore":[101],"space":[104],"while":[105],"maximizing":[106],"coverage":[108],"fault-finding":[110],"criteria.":[111],"does":[115],"not":[116],"require":[117],"access":[118],"API.":[126],"therefore":[129],"more":[131],"general":[132],"applicability,":[133],"albeit":[134],"it":[135],"worse":[137],"performance.":[138],"this":[140],"context,":[141],"use":[143],"random":[145,194],"search":[146,180],"generate":[148],"data.":[150],"proposed":[152],"implemented":[155],"integrated":[157],"into":[158],"open":[160,174],"EvoMaster":[162],"tool.":[163],"With":[164],"enabled":[165],"heuristics":[167],"(i.e.,":[168],"mode),":[170],"experiments":[171,198],"7":[173],"APIs":[177,203],"three":[179],"algorithms":[181],"show":[182],"statistically":[183],"significant":[184],"improvement":[185],"compared":[190],"baseline":[193],"31":[200],"online":[201],"reveal":[204],"ability":[206],"mode":[210],"detect":[212],"real":[213],"faults.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}