{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386580518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609118","title":"Sound Mixed Fixed-Point Quantization of Neural Networks","display_name":"Sound Mixed Fixed-Point Quantization of Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386580518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609118"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3609118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609118","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3609118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3609118","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022516896","display_name":"Debasmita Lohar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-4116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121786","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02pe2kf23","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debasmita Lohar","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPI-SWS, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SWS, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101592356","display_name":"Clothilde Jeangoudoux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9169-7031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121786","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02pe2kf23","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clothilde Jeangoudoux","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPI-SWS, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SWS, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028957260","display_name":"Anastasia Volkova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0702-5652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97188460","display_name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gnr7b55","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasia Volkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nantes Universit\u00e9, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053069388","display_name":"Eva Darulov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6848-3163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva Darulova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uppsala University, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppsala University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022516896"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121786"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0224,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88831947,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5s","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8391285538673401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.7008650302886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6645050048828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.6631917357444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point","display_name":"Floating point","score":0.5854303240776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4737335443496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.4224271774291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39691662788391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17991745471954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09888923168182373}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8391285538673401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.7008650302886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6645050048828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.6631917357444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84211073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117879","display_name":"Floating point","level":2,"score":0.5854303240776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4737335443496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.4224271774291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39691662788391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17991745471954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09888923168182373}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3609118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609118","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3609118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:uu-515314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-515314","pdf_url":"https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1809377/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3609118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609118","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3609118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3014825233","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-10-LABX-07-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3343749973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-10-LABX-07-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5549440890","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-10-LAB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7141889694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-10-LABX-07-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7240651115","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386580518.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386580518.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32150173","https://openalex.org/W1965897919","https://openalex.org/W2049193327","https://openalex.org/W2183529453","https://openalex.org/W2795367561","https://openalex.org/W2889490035","https://openalex.org/W2919234322","https://openalex.org/W2953707919","https://openalex.org/W2963409685","https://openalex.org/W2964079458","https://openalex.org/W2971839749","https://openalex.org/W2980176594","https://openalex.org/W3030836721","https://openalex.org/W3036286896","https://openalex.org/W3094156230","https://openalex.org/W3170113470","https://openalex.org/W3201037672","https://openalex.org/W4226015859","https://openalex.org/W4293243588","https://openalex.org/W4312838810","https://openalex.org/W6686184986","https://openalex.org/W6783567252","https://openalex.org/W6796368127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3096456556","https://openalex.org/W4240253816","https://openalex.org/W2169584677","https://openalex.org/W3009327594","https://openalex.org/W2803935332","https://openalex.org/W3183118997","https://openalex.org/W3214410901","https://openalex.org/W3204400881","https://openalex.org/W3204296682","https://openalex.org/W2917767146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"networks":[1,38,151],"are":[2],"increasingly":[3],"being":[4],"used":[5],"as":[6,13,73,75],"components":[7],"in":[8,15,45,97],"safety-critical":[9],"applications,":[10,35],"for":[11,227],"instance,":[12],"controllers":[14],"embedded":[16,183],"systems.":[17],"Their":[18],"formal":[19],"safety":[20,69],"verification":[21],"has":[22,111],"made":[23],"significant":[24],"progress":[25],"but":[26],"typically":[27],"considers":[28],"only":[29],"idealized":[30],"real-valued":[31],"networks.":[32,134,229],"For":[33],"practical":[34],"such":[36],"neural":[37,95,133,150,184],"have":[39],"to":[40,61,67,77,84,112,155,169,203],"be":[41],"quantized,":[42],"i.e.,":[43],"implemented":[44],"finite-precision":[46],"arithmetic,":[47,99],"which":[48],"inevitably":[49],"introduces":[50],"roundoff":[51,64],"errors.":[52],"Choosing":[53],"a":[54,63,94,105,171,175,207],"suitable":[55],"precision":[56,193],"that":[57,71,128,188,195],"is":[58,72,81,89,137],"both":[59],"guaranteed":[60],"satisfy":[62],"error":[65,177],"bound":[66],"ensure":[68,113],"and":[70,110,122,144,152],"small":[74],"possible":[76],"not":[78],"waste":[79],"resources":[80],"highly":[82],"nontrivial":[83],"do":[85],"manually.":[86],"This":[87,116],"task":[88],"especially":[90,226],"challenging":[91],"when":[92,201],"quantizing":[93],"network":[96,172],"fixed-point":[98],"where":[100],"one":[101],"can":[102],"choose":[103],"among":[104],"large":[106],"number":[107,165],"of":[108,149,166],"precisions":[109],"overflow-freedom":[114],"explicitly.":[115],"paper":[117],"presents":[118],"the":[119,146,164],"first":[120],"sound":[121],"fully":[123],"automated":[124],"mixed-precision":[125],"quantization":[126,136],"approach":[127,161,219],"specifically":[129],"targets":[130],"deep":[131],"feed-forward":[132],"Our":[135,160,179],"based":[138],"on":[139,181],"mixed-integer":[140],"linear":[141],"programming":[142],"(MILP)":[143],"leverages":[145],"unique":[147],"structure":[148],"effective":[153],"over-approximations":[154],"make":[156],"MILP":[157],"optimization":[158,190],"feasible.":[159],"efficiently":[162],"optimizes":[163],"bits":[167],"needed":[168],"implement":[170],"while":[173],"guaranteeing":[174],"provided":[176],"bound.":[178],"evaluation":[180],"existing":[182],"controller":[185],"benchmarks":[186,223],"shows":[187],"our":[189,218],"translates":[191],"into":[192],"assignments":[194],"mostly":[196],"use":[197],"fewer":[198],"machine":[199],"cycles":[200],"compiled":[202],"an":[204],"FPGA":[205],"with":[206],"commercial":[208],"HLS":[209],"compiler":[210],"than":[211],"code":[212],"generated":[213],"by":[214],"(sound)":[215],"state-of-the-art.":[216],"Furthermore,":[217],"handles":[220],"significantly":[221],"more":[222],"substantially":[224],"faster,":[225],"larger":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
