{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386568539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609112","title":"ViT4Mal: Lightweight Vision Transformer for Malware Detection on Edge Devices","display_name":"ViT4Mal: Lightweight Vision Transformer for Malware Detection on Edge Devices","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386568539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3609112","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065222882","display_name":"Akshara Ravi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1470-6476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113248","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad","ror":"https://ror.org/0264cg909","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113248"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Akshara Ravi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033371948","display_name":"Vivek Chaturvedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-0107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113248","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad","ror":"https://ror.org/0264cg909","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113248"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Chaturvedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113248"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005190949","display_name":"Muhammad Shafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-8135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065222882"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113248"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6746,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97059192,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5s","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.891750693321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8361930251121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5924466848373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.550832211971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.50840824842453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5060767531394958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.4756317138671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4062724709510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.39728444814682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29711151123046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2255248725414276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.14028504490852356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.891750693321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8361930251121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5924466848373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.550832211971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.50840824842453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5060767531394958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.4756317138671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4062724709510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.39728444814682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29711151123046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2255248725414276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.14028504490852356}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3609112","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3609112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002478203","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2034938003","https://openalex.org/W2045140281","https://openalex.org/W2056107175","https://openalex.org/W2182464523","https://openalex.org/W2215444025","https://openalex.org/W2296240038","https://openalex.org/W2343325785","https://openalex.org/W2360903897","https://openalex.org/W2598939142","https://openalex.org/W2783451721","https://openalex.org/W2792450155","https://openalex.org/W2804188064","https://openalex.org/W2810450102","https://openalex.org/W2887921593","https://openalex.org/W2891413988","https://openalex.org/W2894236118","https://openalex.org/W2899663614","https://openalex.org/W2962802821","https://openalex.org/W2996927499","https://openalex.org/W3006334803","https://openalex.org/W3016048014","https://openalex.org/W3020985685","https://openalex.org/W3024340288","https://openalex.org/W3043323549","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3128592650","https://openalex.org/W3133566923","https://openalex.org/W3169726851","https://openalex.org/W3181327235","https://openalex.org/W3195830874","https://openalex.org/W3204444731","https://openalex.org/W4200518437","https://openalex.org/W4205445710","https://openalex.org/W4212786013","https://openalex.org/W4236831438","https://openalex.org/W4287022992","https://openalex.org/W4287792756","https://openalex.org/W4288070321","https://openalex.org/W4288347855","https://openalex.org/W4289038676","https://openalex.org/W4295700754","https://openalex.org/W4299301436","https://openalex.org/W4308723153","https://openalex.org/W4312421019","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6755977528","https://openalex.org/W6762945437","https://openalex.org/W6777047548","https://openalex.org/W6781421413"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995118279","https://openalex.org/W4240624848","https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W3106131444","https://openalex.org/W3216099748","https://openalex.org/W4205963435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"a":[3,77,83,109,197],"tremendous":[4],"growth":[5],"of":[6,149,164,194],"edge":[7,70,93],"devices":[8,18,45],"connected":[9],"to":[10,27,39,102,113,124,145,153,201],"the":[11,132,171,202],"network":[12],"in":[13,68,131],"recent":[14],"years.":[15],"Although":[16],"these":[17,44],"make":[19],"our":[20,126,165],"life":[21],"simpler":[22],"and":[23,33,62,64,106,187,196],"smarter,":[24],"they":[25],"need":[26],"perform":[28,66],"computations":[29],"under":[30],"severe":[31],"resource":[32,61],"energy":[34],"constraints,":[35],"while":[36],"being":[37],"vulnerable":[38],"malware":[40,57,89,104,115,133],"attacks.":[41],"Once":[42],"compromised,":[43],"are":[46,60],"further":[47],"exploited":[48],"as":[49,183],"attack":[50],"vectors":[51],"targeting":[52],"critical":[53],"infrastructure.":[54],"Most":[55],"existing":[56],"detection":[58,90,134],"solutions":[59],"compute-intensive":[63],"hence":[65],"poorly":[67],"protecting":[69],"devices.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"propose":[76],"novel":[78],"approach":[79],"ViT4Mal":[80,95,168,190],"that":[81,139],"utilizes":[82],"lightweight":[84,111,167],"vision":[85],"transformer":[86],"(ViT)":[87],"for":[88],"on":[91,170],"an":[92,192],"device.":[94],"first":[96],"converts":[97],"executable":[98],"byte-code":[99],"into":[100],"images":[101],"learn":[103],"features":[105],"later":[107],"uses":[108],"customized":[110],"ViT":[112,204],"detect":[114],"with":[116,128],"high":[117],"accuracy.":[118],"We":[119,158],"have":[120,159],"performed":[121,161],"extensive":[122],"experiments":[123],"compare":[125],"model":[127,169],"state-of-the-art":[129],"CNNs":[130],"domain.":[135],"Experimental":[136],"results":[137],"corroborate":[138],"ViTs":[140],"don\u2019t":[141],"demand":[142],"deeper":[143],"networks":[144],"achieve":[146],"comparable":[147],"accuracy":[148,193],"around":[150],"97%":[151],"corresponding":[152],"heavily":[154],"structured":[155],"CNN":[156],"models.":[157],"also":[160],"hardware":[162,180],"deployment":[163],"proposed":[166],"Xilinx":[172],"PYNQ":[173],"Z1":[174],"FPGA":[175],"board":[176],"by":[177],"applying":[178],"specialized":[179],"optimizations":[181],"such":[182],"quantization,":[184],"loop":[185],"pipelining,":[186],"array":[188],"partitioning.":[189],"achieved":[191],"~94%":[195],"41x":[198],"speedup":[199],"compared":[200],"original":[203],"model.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-01T08:55:55.761014","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}