{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398161100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3605098.3636058","title":"From Fine-tuning to Output: An Empirical Investigation of Test Smells in Transformer-Based Test Code Generation","display_name":"From Fine-tuning to Output: An Empirical Investigation of Test Smells in Transformer-Based Test Code Generation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398161100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3605098.3636058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3605098.3636058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3605098.3636058","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040325584","display_name":"Ahmed Aljohani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7939-0707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Aljohani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Texas, Denton, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas, Denton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083814836","display_name":"Hyunsook Do","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3298-859X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunsook Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Texas, Denton, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas, Denton, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040325584"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.457,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82699896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1282","last_page":"1291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5890315771102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4795131981372833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.46559011936187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.33263087272644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18804281949996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14425945281982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.12657278776168823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5890315771102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4795131981372833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.46559011936187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.33263087272644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18804281949996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14425945281982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.12657278776168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3605098.3636058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3605098.3636058","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964730672","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W1993760289","https://openalex.org/W2002753905","https://openalex.org/W2045336717","https://openalex.org/W2056952837","https://openalex.org/W2067617772","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2395052532","https://openalex.org/W2882984136","https://openalex.org/W2900961173","https://openalex.org/W2950368691","https://openalex.org/W2959222533","https://openalex.org/W2974603634","https://openalex.org/W3082051432","https://openalex.org/W3086938529","https://openalex.org/W3090548885","https://openalex.org/W3100026183","https://openalex.org/W3106077701","https://openalex.org/W3114223219","https://openalex.org/W3161997752","https://openalex.org/W4220852596","https://openalex.org/W4238530241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Researchers":[0],"have":[1],"recently":[2,26],"leveraged":[3],"transformer-based":[4,102],"test":[5,17,42,57,61,72,78,84,97,103,110,116,126,132,141,144,156,162,178,193],"code":[6,62,104],"generation":[7,105],"models":[8],"to":[9,37,40,45,186,199],"improve":[10],"testing-related":[11],"tasks":[12],"(e.g.,":[13],"assert":[14],"completion":[15],"and":[16,28,59,89,130,171,176,207],"method":[18],"generation).":[19],"One":[20],"such":[21],"model,":[22],"AthenaTest,":[23,108,151],"has":[24,30],"been":[25,31],"introduced,":[27],"it":[29],"well":[32],"accepted":[33],"by":[34,49,100],"developers":[35],"due":[36],"its":[38,70,119,155],"ability":[39],"generate":[41,187],"cases":[43,98,142,157],"similar":[44],"the":[46,52,67,75,83,113,148,167,191,197,201],"ones":[47],"written":[48],"developers.":[50],"While":[51],"AthenaTest":[53,175,184],"model":[54,106,198],"provides":[55],"adequate":[56],"coverage":[58],"improves":[60],"readability,":[63,87],"concerns":[64],"remain":[65],"regarding":[66],"quality":[68],"of":[69,77,115,139,150,154,174,204],"generated":[71,99],"code,":[73],"particularly":[74],"presence":[76,114],"smells,":[79,111,145],"which":[80,146,195],"could":[81],"degrade":[82],"code's":[85],"comprehension,":[86],"performance,":[88],"maintainability.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"paper,":[93],"we":[94],"investigated":[95],"whether":[96],"a":[101],"-":[107],"contain":[109,143,158],"including":[112],"smells":[117,127],"in":[118,128],"fine-tuning":[120],"dataset":[121],"(Methods2Test).":[122],"We":[123,164],"evaluated":[124],"seven":[125],"AthenaTest's":[129],"Methods2Test's":[131,140],"cases.":[133,179],"Our":[134,180],"results":[135],"reveal":[136],"that":[137,183],"65%":[138],"influence":[147],"output":[149],"where":[152],"62%":[153],"at":[159],"least":[160],"one":[161],"smell.":[163],"also":[165],"examined":[166],"design":[168],"(test":[169],"size":[170],"assertion":[172],"frequency)":[173],"Methods2Test":[177,192],"findings":[181],"show":[182],"tends":[185],"more":[188],"assertions":[189],"than":[190],"case,":[194],"influenced":[196],"increase":[200],"occurrence":[202],"rate":[203],"Assertion":[205],"Roulette":[206],"Duplicate":[208],"Assert":[209],"smells.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}