{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380609152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3604613","title":"Instance-Aware Prompt Learning for Language Understanding and Generation","display_name":"Instance-Aware Prompt Learning for Language Understanding and Generation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380609152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3604613"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3604613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3604613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064142832","display_name":"Feihu Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5551-7723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feihu Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090143015","display_name":"J. D. Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5395-2385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinliang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319572","display_name":"Jiajun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-7434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015785439","display_name":"Chengqing Zong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9864-3818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengqing Zong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064142832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5029,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94062182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8349993228912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.7208148837089539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.701926589012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6696104407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6430624723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5843527317047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5201442837715149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.438926100730896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8349993228912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.7208148837089539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.701926589012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6696104407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6430624723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5843527317047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5201442837715149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.438926100730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3604613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3604613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4874090527","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62122088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5415080677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0160602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2285990425","https://openalex.org/W2786660442","https://openalex.org/W2804897457","https://openalex.org/W2805206884","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2898662126","https://openalex.org/W2946659172","https://openalex.org/W2956105246","https://openalex.org/W2989743967","https://openalex.org/W3026404337","https://openalex.org/W3044438666","https://openalex.org/W3100560913","https://openalex.org/W3105220303","https://openalex.org/W3153427360","https://openalex.org/W3166986030","https://openalex.org/W3172642864","https://openalex.org/W3173777717","https://openalex.org/W3174770825","https://openalex.org/W3174784402","https://openalex.org/W3175218683","https://openalex.org/W3205270560","https://openalex.org/W3209488220","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4206214875","https://openalex.org/W4224308101","https://openalex.org/W4297069413","https://openalex.org/W6792279967","https://openalex.org/W6803067925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W3098003361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prompt":[0],"learning":[1,75,182],"has":[2,15,93],"emerged":[3],"as":[4,151,153],"a":[5,24,45,79,94],"new":[6],"paradigm":[7],"for":[8,56,82],"leveraging":[9],"pre-trained":[10],"language":[11,136],"models":[12],"(PLMs)":[13],"and":[14,100,113,131,138,161],"shown":[16],"promising":[17],"results":[18,149,175],"in":[19,27],"downstream":[20],"tasks":[21,57],"with":[22,58,166],"only":[23],"slight":[25],"increase":[26],"parameters.":[28],"However,":[29],"the":[30,48,103,107,156,179],"current":[31],"usage":[32],"of":[33,155,158],"fixed":[34],"prompts,":[35],"whether":[36],"discrete":[37],"or":[38],"continuous,":[39],"assumes":[40],"that":[41,61,77,88,144],"all":[42],"samples":[43,60],"within":[44],"task":[46],"share":[47],"same":[49],"prompt.":[50],"This":[51],"assumption":[52],"may":[53],"not":[54],"hold":[55],"diverse":[59],"require":[62],"different":[63,80,95,98],"prompt":[64,74,81,91,115,119],"information.":[65],"To":[66],"address":[67],"this":[68],"issue,":[69],"we":[70,86,101],"propose":[71],"an":[72,111],"instance-aware":[73],"method":[76,127,146,172],"learns":[78],"each":[83,89,114],"instance.":[84],"Specifically,":[85],"suppose":[87],"learnable":[90],"token":[92],"contribution":[96,104],"to":[97,128],"instances,":[99],"learn":[102],"by":[105],"calculating":[106],"relevance":[108],"score":[109],"between":[110],"instance":[112,122],"token.":[116],"The":[117],"contribution-weighted":[118],"would":[120],"be":[121],"aware.":[123],"We":[124],"apply":[125],"our":[126,145,171],"both":[129,135],"unidirectional":[130],"bidirectional":[132],"PLMs":[133,159],"on":[134,178],"understanding":[137],"generation":[139],"tasks.":[140],"Extensive":[141],"experiments":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"achieves":[147,173],"comparable":[148],"using":[150,176],"few":[152],"1.5%":[154],"parameters":[157],"tuned":[160],"obtains":[162],"considerable":[163],"improvements":[164],"compared":[165],"strong":[167],"baselines.":[168],"In":[169],"particular,":[170],"state-of-the-art":[174],"ALBERT-xxlarge-v2":[177],"SuperGLUE":[180],"few-shot":[181],"benchmark.":[183],"1":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
