{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379987733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3604281","title":"A Primer on <scp>Seq2Seq</scp> Models for Generative Chatbots","display_name":"A Primer on <scp>Seq2Seq</scp> Models for Generative Chatbots","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379987733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3604281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3604281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3604281","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3604281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3604281","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034545062","display_name":"Vincenzo Scotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8765-604X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Scotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8765-604X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072579481","display_name":"Licia Sbattella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5344-5976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licia Sbattella","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5344-5976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007745961","display_name":"Roberto Tedesco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2830-4247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Tedesco","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2830-4247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4474,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91001701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8770008683204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.792005717754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.7050102949142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-domain","display_name":"Open domain","score":0.6945728063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6430208683013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.6145469546318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5648820400238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.5477076768875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-generation","display_name":"Natural language generation","score":0.5116610527038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5078755021095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5033559203147888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.49009859561920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.42523178458213806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.32948610186576843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.2595938742160797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1562395989894867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10423129796981812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8770008683204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.792005717754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.7050102949142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993776861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Open domain","level":3,"score":0.6945728063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6430208683013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6145469546318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5648820400238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.5477076768875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.5116610527038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5078755021095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5033559203147888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.49009859561920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.42523178458213806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.32948610186576843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.2595938742160797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1562395989894867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10423129796981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3604281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3604281","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3604281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1240517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3604281","pdf_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1240517/1/se2seq_chatbot_csur.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3604281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3604281","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3604281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379987733.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379987733.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W1485981043","https://openalex.org/W1518951372","https://openalex.org/W1566289585","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1593271688","https://openalex.org/W1964469912","https://openalex.org/W1986101067","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2067619114","https://openalex.org/W2084397135","https://openalex.org/W2091273188","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2135776491","https://openalex.org/W2143023047","https://openalex.org/W2146334809","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2153072998","https://openalex.org/W2161466446","https://openalex.org/W2166637769","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251803266","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2584220694","https://openalex.org/W2605035112","https://openalex.org/W2754425142","https://openalex.org/W2765982206","https://openalex.org/W2810821963","https://openalex.org/W2885421725","https://openalex.org/W2889552719","https://openalex.org/W2892213699","https://openalex.org/W2893684749","https://openalex.org/W2913443447","https://openalex.org/W2914753947","https://openalex.org/W2916772188","https://openalex.org/W2924982946","https://openalex.org/W2944870985","https://openalex.org/W2950681488","https://openalex.org/W2951583236","https://openalex.org/W2962717182","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2962786758","https://openalex.org/W2962854379","https://openalex.org/W2962883855","https://openalex.org/W2963167310","https://openalex.org/W2963206148","https://openalex.org/W2963223306","https://openalex.org/W2963250244","https://openalex.org/W2963347649","https://openalex.org/W2963381846","https://openalex.org/W2963434219","https://openalex.org/W2963527228","https://openalex.org/W2963686995","https://openalex.org/W2963825865","https://openalex.org/W2963903950","https://openalex.org/W2964006684","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2964352131","https://openalex.org/W2970252402","https://openalex.org/W2970303069","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2970925270","https://openalex.org/W2972664115","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2980073079","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2988647680","https://openalex.org/W2988937804","https://openalex.org/W2997617958","https://openalex.org/W2998563994","https://openalex.org/W2998704965","https://openalex.org/W3000366420","https://openalex.org/W3015322406","https://openalex.org/W3015593963","https://openalex.org/W3022187094","https://openalex.org/W3034337319","https://openalex.org/W3034600233","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3035068109","https://openalex.org/W3035100081","https://openalex.org/W3035451444","https://openalex.org/W3038115231","https://openalex.org/W3100955355","https://openalex.org/W3102924767","https://openalex.org/W3103181422","https://openalex.org/W3104982372","https://openalex.org/W3109558947","https://openalex.org/W3117162907","https://openalex.org/W3154272574","https://openalex.org/W3155584966","https://openalex.org/W3164045210","https://openalex.org/W3167998743","https://openalex.org/W3169283738","https://openalex.org/W3169483174","https://openalex.org/W3170012708","https://openalex.org/W3173119568","https://openalex.org/W3174696767","https://openalex.org/W3178633887","https://openalex.org/W3191529106","https://openalex.org/W3200895474","https://openalex.org/W3211639647","https://openalex.org/W3211795293","https://openalex.org/W3213241618","https://openalex.org/W4205671217","https://openalex.org/W4206816337","https://openalex.org/W4233045210","https://openalex.org/W4233906699","https://openalex.org/W4283170666","https://openalex.org/W4285188834","https://openalex.org/W4287887133","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4290948184","https://openalex.org/W4300402905","https://openalex.org/W4311121803","https://openalex.org/W6909330955","https://openalex.org/W6927733720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3176963395","https://openalex.org/W3016833033","https://openalex.org/W4287887667","https://openalex.org/W4315881539","https://openalex.org/W4384918632","https://openalex.org/W4297969376","https://openalex.org/W4312591757","https://openalex.org/W2984132767","https://openalex.org/W2939728130","https://openalex.org/W4287687466"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,26],"recent":[1,63],"spread":[2],"of":[3,13,68,131],"Deep":[4],"Learning-based":[5],"solutions":[6],"for":[7],"Artificial":[8],"Intelligence":[9],"and":[10,58,151,165,169,173],"the":[11,21,32,66,75,93,112,127,132,140,159,171,187],"development":[12,67],"Large":[14],"Language":[15,23],"Models":[16],"has":[17,28],"pushed":[18],"forwards":[19],"significantly":[20],"Natural":[22],"Processing":[24],"area.":[25],"approach":[27],"quickly":[29],"evolved":[30],"in":[31,65,92,115],"last":[33,94],"ten":[34],"years,":[35,95],"deeply":[36],"affecting":[37],"NLP,":[38],"from":[39,87],"low-level":[40],"text":[41],"pre-processing":[42],"tasks":[43],"\u2013such":[44],"as":[45,147,149],"tokenisation":[46],"or":[47,129],"POS":[48],"tagging\u2013":[49],"to":[50,89,97,109,119,125,163],"high-level,":[51],"complex":[52],"NLP":[53],"applications":[54],"like":[55],"machine":[56],"translation":[57],"chatbots.":[59,102],"This":[60],"article":[61],"examines":[62],"trends":[64],"open-domain":[69,101],"data-driven":[70],"generative":[71],"chatbots,":[72],"focusing":[73],"on":[74,139,182],"Seq2Seq":[76],"architectures.":[77],"Such":[78],"architectures":[79,107],"are":[80],"compatible":[81],"with":[82],"multiple":[83],"learning":[84],"approaches,":[85],"ranging":[86],"supervised":[88],"reinforcement":[90],"and,":[91],"allowed":[96],"realise":[98],"very":[99],"engaging":[100],"Not":[103],"only":[104],"do":[105],"these":[106],"allow":[108,124],"directly":[110],"output":[111],"next":[113],"turn":[114],"a":[116,136],"conversation":[117],"but,":[118],"some":[120,180],"extent,":[121],"they":[122],"also":[123],"control":[126],"style":[128],"content":[130],"response.":[133],"To":[134],"offer":[135],"complete":[137],"view":[138],"subject,":[141],"we":[142,155,178],"examine":[143],"possible":[144,183],"architecture":[145],"implementations":[146],"well":[148],"training":[150],"evaluation":[152],"approaches.":[153],"Additionally,":[154],"provide":[156],"information":[157],"about":[158,170],"openly":[160],"available":[161],"corpora":[162],"train":[164],"evaluate":[166],"such":[167],"models":[168],"current":[172,188],"past":[174],"chatbot":[175],"competitions.":[176],"Finally,":[177],"present":[179],"insights":[181],"future":[184],"directions,":[185],"given":[186],"research":[189],"status.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
