{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386396132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3603269.3604824","title":"FlexWAN: Software Hardware Co-design for Cost-Effective and Resilient Optical Backbones","display_name":"FlexWAN: Software Hardware Co-design for Cost-Effective and Resilient Optical Backbones","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386396132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3603269.3604824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3603269.3604824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3603269.3604824","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/152317/1/3603269.3604824.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027623536","display_name":"Congcong Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3265-049X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congcong Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3265-049X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024093604","display_name":"Zhizhen Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-374X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhizhen Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-374X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386237","display_name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-5694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta, Seattle, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-5694","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta, Seattle, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101759832","display_name":"Kunling He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1220-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunling He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1220-5560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103126069","display_name":"Fangchao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5018-4843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangchao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5018-4843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102716425","display_name":"Minggang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2493-1902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minggang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Beijng, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2493-1902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Beijng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048483915","display_name":"Yiren Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2486-1491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiren Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2486-1491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100745285","display_name":"Xiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0556-5290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0556-5290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008004626","display_name":"Zekun He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8020-0595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zekun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8020-0595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074492571","display_name":"Xianneng Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5370-8162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianneng Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5370-8162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660344","display_name":"Jilong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4493-5145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089285","display_name":"Ji Hua Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/006aydy55","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089285"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jilong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quancheng Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4493-5145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quancheng Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089285"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0489,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76483374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"319","last_page":"332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6907994747161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5115521550178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4548526406288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-design","display_name":"Co-design","score":0.4289838373661041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.39248600602149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.38581210374832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.18746629357337952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6907994747161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5115521550178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4548526406288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180962459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038171","display_name":"Co-design","level":2,"score":0.4289838373661041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.39248600602149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.38581210374832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.18746629357337952}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3603269.3604824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3603269.3604824","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/152317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152317","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/152317/1/3603269.3604824.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/152317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/152317","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/152317/1/3603269.3604824.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386396132.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386396132.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W1993056646","https://openalex.org/W2013962817","https://openalex.org/W2037501740","https://openalex.org/W2037530672","https://openalex.org/W2054973931","https://openalex.org/W2069919420","https://openalex.org/W2095073473","https://openalex.org/W2102090846","https://openalex.org/W2121991811","https://openalex.org/W2145858411","https://openalex.org/W2148523205","https://openalex.org/W2164436073","https://openalex.org/W2296099391","https://openalex.org/W2320376467","https://openalex.org/W2471555304","https://openalex.org/W2504195863","https://openalex.org/W2517406540","https://openalex.org/W2526612499","https://openalex.org/W2530717061","https://openalex.org/W2549901324","https://openalex.org/W2766358604","https://openalex.org/W2782611661","https://openalex.org/W2785682165","https://openalex.org/W2819252821","https://openalex.org/W2847302746","https://openalex.org/W2913859666","https://openalex.org/W2929602658","https://openalex.org/W2955233423","https://openalex.org/W2965636783","https://openalex.org/W3188198634","https://openalex.org/W3190080857","https://openalex.org/W3190412567","https://openalex.org/W4252713891","https://openalex.org/W4285507240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312906863","https://openalex.org/W2348063302","https://openalex.org/W1766437153","https://openalex.org/W2891783929","https://openalex.org/W2550108858","https://openalex.org/W2381462255","https://openalex.org/W1551137936","https://openalex.org/W1847436282","https://openalex.org/W2075768084","https://openalex.org/W2934597797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,104],"rising":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,18,100],"WAN":[4,63,69,102,157],"capacity":[5,70,158,226],"driven":[6],"by":[7,80],"the":[8,42,85,89,94,101,141,144,153,160,168,207,228],"rapid":[9],"growth":[10],"of":[11,44,96,106,132,155,162,178,192,197],"inter-data":[12],"center":[13],"traffic":[14],"poses":[15],"new":[16,148],"challenges":[17,115],"costly":[19],"optical":[20,28,46,75,86,112,134,145,184,230],"networks.":[21],"Today":[22],"cloud":[23],"providers":[24],"rely":[25],"on":[26,35],"fixed":[27],"backbones,":[29,185],"where":[30],"all":[31],"hardware":[32,83,108,164,212],"devices":[33,135],"operate":[34],"a":[36,60,110,125,137],"rigid":[37],"spectrum":[38,98,118,198],"grid,":[39],"leading":[40],"to":[41,66,74,92,117,128,182,202,205],"waste":[43],"expensive":[45],"resources":[47,99],"and":[48,173,194,213],"subpar":[49],"performance":[50,170],"in":[51,109,136,171,227],"handling":[52],"failures.":[53,76],"In":[54],"this":[55,79],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"introduce":[58],"FlexWAN,":[59],"novel":[61],"flexible":[62],"infrastructure":[64],"designed":[65],"provision":[67],"cost-effective":[68],"while":[71,200],"ensuring":[72],"resilience":[73,220],"FlexWAN":[77,123,151,186,216],"achieves":[78],"incorporating":[81],"spacing-variable":[82,107],"at":[84,143,189],"layer,":[87],"enabling":[88],"generated":[90],"wavelength":[91],"optimize":[93],"utilization":[95],"limited":[97],"capacity.":[103],"configuration":[105],"multi-vendor":[111],"backbone":[113],"presents":[114],"related":[116],"management.":[119],"To":[120],"address":[121],"this,":[122],"leverages":[124],"centralized":[126],"controller":[127],"achieve":[129],"coordinated":[130],"control":[131],"network-wide":[133],"vendor-agnostic":[138],"manner.":[139],"Moreover,":[140],"flexibility":[142],"layer":[146],"introduces":[147],"algorithmic":[149],"problems.":[150],"formulates":[152],"problem":[154],"provisioning":[156],"with":[159],"goal":[161],"minimizing":[163],"costs.":[165],"We":[166],"evaluate":[167],"system":[169],"production":[172,179],"share":[174],"insights":[175],"from":[176],"years":[177],"experience.":[180],"Compared":[181],"existing":[183,211],"can":[187],"save":[188],"least":[190],"57%":[191],"transponders":[193],"reduce":[195],"36%":[196],"usage":[199],"continuing":[201],"meet":[203],"up":[204],"8\u00d7":[206],"present-day":[208],"demands":[209],"using":[210],"fiber":[214],"deployments.":[215],"further":[217],"incorporates":[218],"failure":[219],"that":[221],"revives":[222],"15%":[223],"more":[224],"bandwidth":[225],"overloaded":[229],"backbone.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}