{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386242315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604701","title":"The Bureaucratic Challenge to AI Governance: An Empirical Assessment of Implementation at U.S. Federal Agencies","display_name":"The Bureaucratic Challenge to AI Governance: An Empirical Assessment of Implementation at U.S. Federal Agencies","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386242315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600211.3604701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604701","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600211.3604701","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600211.3604701","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035204036","display_name":"Christie Lawrence","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8681-531X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christie Lawrence","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Law School, USA and Harvard Kennedy School, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8681-531X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Law School, USA and Harvard Kennedy School, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057417969","display_name":"Isaac Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5738-8122"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Law School, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5738-8122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Law School, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058408154","display_name":"Daniel E. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2195-5469"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Law School, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2195-5469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Law School, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035204036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.921,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94688907,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"606","last_page":"652"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.9632999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12965","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses","score":0.9449999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bureaucracy","display_name":"Bureaucracy","score":0.7492934465408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.7342097759246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.7311598062515259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.6268612742424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-administration","display_name":"Public administration","score":0.513603687286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.45786574482917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.45614951848983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.45214539766311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3621984124183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.36118143796920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3447624444961548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2968270182609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.19526103138923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19126629829406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.08796846866607666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.7492934465408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.7342097759246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7311598062515259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6268612742424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.513603687286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.45786574482917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.45614951848983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45214539766311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3621984124183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.36118143796920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3447624444961548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2968270182609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.19526103138923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19126629829406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.08796846866607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600211.3604701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604701","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600211.3604701","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600211.3604701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604701","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600211.3604701","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386242315.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386242315.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71488985","https://openalex.org/W167094837","https://openalex.org/W1489258396","https://openalex.org/W1525356028","https://openalex.org/W1589498393","https://openalex.org/W1963827810","https://openalex.org/W2008923058","https://openalex.org/W2031555487","https://openalex.org/W2081046465","https://openalex.org/W2138339354","https://openalex.org/W2140074439","https://openalex.org/W2143590178","https://openalex.org/W2145537898","https://openalex.org/W2149988075","https://openalex.org/W2320578786","https://openalex.org/W2606200818","https://openalex.org/W2768432182","https://openalex.org/W2914930541","https://openalex.org/W2952087216","https://openalex.org/W2996712416","https://openalex.org/W3006624350","https://openalex.org/W3016154458","https://openalex.org/W3046228735","https://openalex.org/W3086290195","https://openalex.org/W3094038993","https://openalex.org/W3124237733","https://openalex.org/W3126071845","https://openalex.org/W3174756671","https://openalex.org/W3189192555","https://openalex.org/W4213340791","https://openalex.org/W4289638041","https://openalex.org/W4315498085","https://openalex.org/W4319829636","https://openalex.org/W6759294199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056840011","https://openalex.org/W2360685388","https://openalex.org/W2967040666","https://openalex.org/W2387900108","https://openalex.org/W2978971984","https://openalex.org/W4233227852","https://openalex.org/W2495108641","https://openalex.org/W1583131305","https://openalex.org/W4205256611","https://openalex.org/W2095466939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Can":[0],"government":[1,19,39],"govern":[2],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)?":[5],"One":[6],"of":[7,11,76,80,103,119,136,150,167,186],"the":[8,21,36,54,64,71,77,133,184],"central":[9,90],"questions":[10],"AI":[12,46,52,60,65,93,156,193],"governance":[13,194],"surrounds":[14],"state":[15,188],"capacity,":[16],"namely":[17],"whether":[18],"has":[20,40],"ability":[22],"to":[23,91,141,153,190,202],"accomplish":[24],"its":[25],"policy":[26],"goals.":[27],"We":[28,69,145],"study":[29],"this":[30],"question":[31],"by":[32],"assessing":[33],"how":[34,201],"well":[35],"U.S.":[37,187],"federal":[38,143],"implemented":[41],"three":[42,82],"binding":[43],"laws":[44],"around":[45],"governance:":[47],"two":[48],"executive":[49],"orders\u2014concerning":[50],"trustworthy":[51],"in":[53,66],"public":[55],"sector":[56],"(E.O.":[57,62],"13,960)":[58],"and":[59,196],"leadership":[61],"13,859)\u2014and":[63],"Government":[67],"Act.":[68],"conduct":[70],"first":[72],"systematic":[73],"empirical":[74],"assessment":[75],"implementation":[78,135],"status":[79],"these":[81,161,176],"laws,":[83],"which":[84],"have":[85,163,173],"each":[86,104],"been":[87,128],"described":[88],"as":[89,126],"US":[92],"innovation.":[94],"First,":[95],"we":[96,112,131,197],"track,":[97],"through":[98],"extensive":[99],"research,":[100],"line-level":[101],"adoption":[102],"mandated":[105],"action.":[106],"Based":[107],"on":[108],"publicly":[109,154],"available":[110],"information,":[111],"find":[113,146],"that":[114,147],"fewer":[115],"than":[116],"40":[117],"percent":[118],"45":[120],"legal":[121],"requirements":[122,138],"could":[123],"be":[124],"verified":[125],"having":[127],"implemented.":[129],"Second,":[130],"research":[132],"specific":[134],"transparency":[137],"at":[139],"up":[140],"220":[142],"agencies.":[144],"nearly":[148],"half":[149],"agencies":[151,162,172],"failed":[152],"issue":[155],"use":[157,165],"case":[158],"inventories\u2014even":[159],"when":[160,171],"demonstrable":[164],"cases":[166],"machine":[168],"learning.":[169],"Even":[170],"complied":[174],"with":[175],"requirements,":[177],"efforts":[178],"are":[179],"inconsistent.":[180],"Our":[181],"work":[182],"highlights":[183],"weakness":[185],"capacity":[189,205],"carry":[191],"out":[192],"mandates":[195],"discuss":[198],"implications":[199],"for":[200],"address":[203],"bureaucratic":[204],"challenges.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}