{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386242397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604688","title":"Keep Sensors in Check: Disentangling Country-Level Generalization Issues in Mobile Sensor-Based Models with Diversity Scores","display_name":"Keep Sensors in Check: Disentangling Country-Level Generalization Issues in Mobile Sensor-Based Models with Diversity Scores","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386242397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600211.3604688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/204723","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030657244","display_name":"Alexandre Nanchen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4441-5892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Nanchen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idiap Research Institute, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idiap Research Institute, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042096756","display_name":"Lakmal Meegahapola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-6585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lakmal Meegahapola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idiap Research Institute & EPFL, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idiap Research Institute & EPFL, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065021011","display_name":"William Droz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-2018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Droz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idiap Research Institute, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idiap Research Institute, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012965551","display_name":"Daniel G\u00e1tica-P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5488-2182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Gatica-Perez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idiap Research Institute & EPFL, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idiap Research Institute & EPFL, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030657244"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8343,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75171928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"217","last_page":"228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.7679290771484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.7547803521156311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.7220935821533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6808784008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6750221252441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6453323364257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5794405937194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.5493332147598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.5400117039680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.5147500038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.47437864542007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.42513740062713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12925437092781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1103212833404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08812719583511353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.7679290771484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7547803521156311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.7220935821533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6808784008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6750221252441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6453323364257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5794405937194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.5493332147598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5400117039680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.5147500038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47437864542007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.42513740062713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12925437092781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1103212833404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08812719583511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600211.3604688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:308503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/204723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WoS","raw_type":"conference proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:308503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/204723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WoS","raw_type":"conference proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7474279210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"823783","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996881001","https://openalex.org/W2056795330","https://openalex.org/W2066806488","https://openalex.org/W2117029130","https://openalex.org/W2144279833","https://openalex.org/W2604757304","https://openalex.org/W2611266700","https://openalex.org/W2789868604","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3006436762","https://openalex.org/W3011074022","https://openalex.org/W3085547322","https://openalex.org/W3098350627","https://openalex.org/W3106815826","https://openalex.org/W3110266478","https://openalex.org/W3112326228","https://openalex.org/W3150829553","https://openalex.org/W3170549251","https://openalex.org/W3180422366","https://openalex.org/W3181414808","https://openalex.org/W3181625273","https://openalex.org/W3199415733","https://openalex.org/W4205289221","https://openalex.org/W4226474215","https://openalex.org/W4250664506","https://openalex.org/W4281770101","https://openalex.org/W4288111914","https://openalex.org/W4301384416","https://openalex.org/W4308613145","https://openalex.org/W4319837253"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W73545470","https://openalex.org/W4224266612","https://openalex.org/W2383394264","https://openalex.org/W4320153225","https://openalex.org/W4293261942","https://openalex.org/W3125968744","https://openalex.org/W2167701463","https://openalex.org/W2110287964","https://openalex.org/W4307407935","https://openalex.org/W649759291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1],"models":[2,68],"trained":[3],"with":[4,169],"passive":[5],"sensor":[6,105,191,204],"data":[7,156],"from":[8,141,165,188],"mobile":[9],"devices":[10],"can":[11,162,228],"be":[12,163],"used":[13],"to":[14,19,62,70,92,103,211,244],"perform":[15],"various":[16],"inferences":[17],"pertaining":[18],"activity":[20],"recognition,":[21],"context":[22],"awareness,":[23],"and":[24,26,161,206,225,237,252],"health":[25],"well-being.":[27],"Prior":[28],"work":[29],"has":[30],"improved":[31,47],"inference":[32,82,129],"performance":[33,83],"through":[34],"the":[35,63,95,99,110,151,209,222],"use":[36],"of":[37,67,87,98,125,153,155,173,255],"multimodal":[38],"sensors":[39,160,227],"(inertial,":[40],"GPS,":[41],"proximity,":[42],"app":[43],"usage,":[44],"etc.)":[45],"or":[46,109,193],"machine":[48],"learning.":[49],"In":[50,115],"this":[51,116,120],"context,":[52],"a":[53,85,136,185,242],"few":[54],"studies":[55,77],"shed":[56],"light":[57],"on":[58,81],"critical":[59],"issues":[60,249],"relating":[61],"poor":[64],"cross-country":[65],"generalization":[66,89,248],"due":[69],"distributional":[71],"shifts":[72],"across":[73,144,235,250],"countries.":[74,146,213],"However,":[75,214],"these":[76,196],"have":[78,208],"largely":[79],"relied":[80],"as":[84],"means":[86],"studying":[88],"issues,":[90],"failing":[91],"investigate":[93],"whether":[94],"root":[96],"cause":[97],"problem":[100],"is":[101,157],"linked":[102],"specific":[104],"modalities":[106,192,205],"(independent":[107],"variables)":[108],"target":[111],"attribute":[112],"(dependent":[113],"variable).":[114],"paper,":[117],"we":[118,199,240],"study":[119],"issue":[121],"in":[122],"complex":[123],"activities":[124,207,217],"daily":[126],"living":[127],"(ADL)":[128],"task,":[130],"involving":[131],"12":[132],"classes,":[133],"by":[134,159],"using":[135],"multimodal,":[137],"multi-country":[138],"dataset":[139],"collected":[140],"689":[142],"participants":[143],"eight":[145],"We":[147,175],"first":[148],"show":[149],"that":[150,182,201],"\u2018country":[152],"origin\u2019":[154],"captured":[158],"inferred":[164],"each":[166],"modality":[167],"separately,":[168],"an":[170],"average":[171],"accuracy":[172],"65%.":[174],"then":[176],"propose":[177],"two":[178],"diversity":[179,197,234,254],"scores":[180],"(DS)":[181],"measure":[183],"how":[184],"country":[186,219],"differentiates":[187],"others":[189],"w.r.t.":[190],"activities.":[194],"Using":[195],"scores,":[198],"observed":[200],"both":[202],"individual":[203],"ability":[210],"differentiate":[212],"while":[215],"many":[216],"capture":[218],"differences,":[220],"only":[221],"\u2018App":[223],"usage\u2019":[224],"\u2018Location\u2019":[226],"do":[229],"so.":[230],"By":[231],"dissecting":[232],"country-level":[233,253],"dependent":[236],"independent":[238],"variables,":[239],"provide":[241],"framework":[243],"better":[245],"understand":[246],"model":[247],"countries":[251],"sensing":[256],"modalities.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}