{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386044339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604659","title":"Flickr Africa: Examining Geo-Diversity in Large-Scale, Human-Centric Visual Data","display_name":"Flickr Africa: Examining Geo-Diversity in Large-Scale, Human-Centric Visual Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386044339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600211.3604659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604659","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600211.3604659","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600211.3604659","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089818764","display_name":"Keziah Naggita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-670X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160992636","display_name":"Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02sn5gb64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160992636"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keziah Naggita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160992636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002838127","display_name":"Julienne LaChance","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-5096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800278093","display_name":"Sony Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k91zb11","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800278093"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julienne LaChance","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sony AI America, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sony AI America, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800278093"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035786206","display_name":"Alice Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-9353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800278093","display_name":"Sony Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k91zb11","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800278093"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alice Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sony AI America, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sony AI America, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800278093"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089818764"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160992636"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7092,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9181571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"520","last_page":"530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.627386212348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6107767820358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5831083059310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5737863779067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.5074440836906433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4646534323692322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4535138010978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.44363197684288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.4026079475879669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.24689051508903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.21155646443367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14127621054649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.08550208806991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.08314812183380127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.627386212348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6107767820358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5831083059310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5737863779067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5074440836906433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4646534323692322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4535138010978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.44363197684288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4026079475879669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24689051508903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.21155646443367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14127621054649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08550208806991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.08314812183380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600211.3604659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604659","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600211.3604659","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2308.08656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08656","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.08656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600211.3604659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600211.3604659","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600211.3604659","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386044339.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386044339.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2075873949","https://openalex.org/W2103388840","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2250384498","https://openalex.org/W2297902541","https://openalex.org/W2737838171","https://openalex.org/W2770618123","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2948917818","https://openalex.org/W2964295012","https://openalex.org/W3103455452","https://openalex.org/W3119746452","https://openalex.org/W3120485916","https://openalex.org/W3121480429","https://openalex.org/W3134595736","https://openalex.org/W3135514117","https://openalex.org/W3165855014","https://openalex.org/W3172872502","https://openalex.org/W3180099616","https://openalex.org/W3199207650","https://openalex.org/W3209190492","https://openalex.org/W4200632307","https://openalex.org/W4214644404","https://openalex.org/W4226164925","https://openalex.org/W4229079094","https://openalex.org/W4281291869","https://openalex.org/W4288083516","https://openalex.org/W4294625715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065457896","https://openalex.org/W3173234801","https://openalex.org/W2167984027","https://openalex.org/W2186048469","https://openalex.org/W3021302227","https://openalex.org/W10630519","https://openalex.org/W1919377569","https://openalex.org/W3144288563","https://openalex.org/W3123907821","https://openalex.org/W2382319620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biases":[0],"in":[1,31,53,69,151],"large-scale":[2],"image":[3,39,132],"datasets":[4],"are":[5,86],"known":[6],"to":[7,66,79,91,130,143],"influence":[8],"the":[9,23,57,74,145],"performance":[10],"of":[11,18,25,61,76,110,121,135,147],"computer":[12,148],"vision":[13,149],"models":[14,150],"as":[15,71,73,104],"a":[16,42,107,152],"function":[17],"geographic":[19],"context.":[20,154],"To":[21],"investigate":[22],"limitations":[24],"standard":[26],"Internet":[27],"data":[28,63,77,94,133],"collection":[29],"methods":[30],"low-":[32],"and":[33,59,138],"middle-income":[34],"countries,":[35],"we":[36,97],"analyze":[37],"human-centric":[38],"geo-diversity":[40],"on":[41],"massive":[43],"scale":[44],"using":[45],"geotagged":[46],"Flickr":[47],"images":[48,111],"associated":[49],"with":[50,64],"each":[51],"nation":[52],"Africa.":[54],"We":[55],"report":[56],"quantity":[58],"content":[60],"available":[62],"comparisons":[65],"population-matched":[67],"nations":[68],"Europe":[70],"well":[72],"distribution":[75],"according":[78],"fine-grained":[80],"intra-national":[81],"wealth":[82],"estimates.":[83],"Temporal":[84],"analyses":[85],"performed":[87],"at":[88],"two-year":[89],"intervals":[90],"expose":[92],"emerging":[93],"trends.":[95],"Furthermore,":[96],"present":[98],"findings":[99],"for":[100],"an":[101],"\u201cothering\u201d":[102],"phenomenon":[103],"evidenced":[105],"by":[106,116],"substantial":[108],"number":[109],"from":[112],"Africa":[113],"being":[114],"taken":[115],"non-local":[117],"photographers.":[118],"The":[119],"results":[120],"our":[122],"study":[123],"suggest":[124],"that":[125],"further":[126],"work":[127],"is":[128],"required":[129],"capture":[131],"representative":[134],"African":[136],"people":[137],"their":[139],"environments":[140],"and,":[141],"ultimately,":[142],"improve":[144],"applicability":[146],"global":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
