{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385692404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605179","title":"Risk Assessments in Virtual Power Plants with NESCOR Criteria, Practical Application, Advantages and Disadvantages","display_name":"Risk Assessments in Virtual Power Plants with NESCOR Criteria, Practical Application, Advantages and Disadvantages","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385692404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605179","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605179","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605179","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090075458","display_name":"Georgios Gkoktsis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1031-5036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133470","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt2gs44","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133470","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Gkoktsis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer SIT, Germany and ATHENE Research Center for Applied Cybersecurity, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1031-5036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer SIT, Germany and ATHENE Research Center for Applied Cybersecurity, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067051851","display_name":"Hagen Lauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6901-8303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45155027","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen","ror":"https://ror.org/02qdc9985","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45155027"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hagen Lauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6901-8303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45155027"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111022021","display_name":"Lukas Jaeger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133470","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt2gs44","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133470","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Jaeger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer SIT, Germany and ATHENE Research Center for Applied Cybersecurity, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3695-7165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer SIT, Germany and ATHENE Research Center for Applied Cybersecurity, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0098,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98228062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-power-plant","display_name":"Virtual power plant","score":0.6712125539779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6677788496017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framing","display_name":"Framing (construction)","score":0.6635891199111938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.6194656491279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-sector","display_name":"Energy sector","score":0.5604391694068909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5566672086715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.47809144854545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-security","display_name":"Energy security","score":0.47007328271865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4485996663570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4283910393714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power","display_name":"Electric power","score":0.4139937162399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3368057310581207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.2558824121952057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.21423864364624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18327006697654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.1821689009666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.15278631448745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.12337404489517212}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776033628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785102","display_name":"Virtual power plant","level":4,"score":0.6712125539779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6677788496017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.6635891199111938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.6194656491279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985347565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2151621","display_name":"Energy sector","level":2,"score":0.5604391694068909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5566672086715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47809144854545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777172336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2700433","display_name":"Energy security","level":3,"score":0.47007328271865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4485996663570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4283910393714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.4139937162399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3368057310581207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.2558824121952057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.21423864364624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18327006697654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.1821689009666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.15278631448745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.12337404489517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605179","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605179","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/458503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/458503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605179","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605179","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385692404.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385692404.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586283096","https://openalex.org/W1892079978","https://openalex.org/W1990488508","https://openalex.org/W2013448247","https://openalex.org/W2250171293","https://openalex.org/W3130854279","https://openalex.org/W3176937560","https://openalex.org/W3191053434","https://openalex.org/W3193509226"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4300310900","https://openalex.org/W2004209846","https://openalex.org/W67691828","https://openalex.org/W2545627629","https://openalex.org/W3025406132","https://openalex.org/W2783037270","https://openalex.org/W4386711720","https://openalex.org/W4385285734","https://openalex.org/W3123952128","https://openalex.org/W3102162218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber":[0],"security":[1,54,62],"in":[2,128],"the":[3,9,21,24,32,42,90,104,123,129],"energy":[4,91],"sector":[5,92],"is":[6,48,69],"paramount":[7],"to":[8,41,51,72,116],"safe":[10],"and":[11,15,39,56,65,119,125],"reliable":[12],"generation,":[13],"transmission,":[14],"delivery":[16],"of":[17,23,34,95,106,110,122],"electrical":[18],"energy.":[19],"In":[20],"paradigm":[22],"Virtual":[25],"Power":[26],"Plant,":[27],"a":[28,96,107],"structure":[29],"which":[30],"aggregates":[31],"output":[33],"multiple":[35],"Distributed":[36],"Energy":[37],"Resources":[38],"connects":[40],"grid":[43],"as":[44,93],"one":[45],"entity,":[46],"it":[47],"particularly":[49],"challenging":[50],"prioritize":[52],"those":[53],"controls":[55],"countermeasures":[57],"that":[58],"measurably":[59],"improve":[60],"its":[61],"posture.":[63],"Assessing":[64],"framing":[66],"cyber":[67],"risk":[68],"critically":[70],"important":[71],"enable":[73],"such":[74],"endeavors.":[75],"The":[76],"National":[77],"Electric":[78],"Sector":[79],"Cybersecurity":[80],"Organization":[81],"Resource":[82],"(NESCOR)":[83],"has":[84],"published":[85],"an":[86,114],"assessment":[87],"framework":[88],"for":[89],"part":[94],"study":[97],"on":[98],"failure":[99],"scenarios.":[100],"This":[101],"paper":[102],"presents":[103],"results":[105],"practical":[108],"application":[109],"this":[111],"methodology":[112],"with":[113],"adaptation":[115],"VPP":[117],"specifics":[118],"illuminates":[120],"some":[121],"advantages":[124],"challenges":[126],"present":[127],"process.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}