{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385692134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605081","title":"Towards Obfuscation of Programmable Logic Controllers","display_name":"Towards Obfuscation of Programmable Logic Controllers","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385692134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605081","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605081","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605081","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018797103","display_name":"Vittoria Cozza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4436-3316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vittoria Cozza","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4436-3316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005632682","display_name":"Mila Dalla Preda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2761-4347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mila Dalla Preda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2761-4347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019535030","display_name":"Marco Lucchese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4770-5441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Lucchese","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4770-5441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051857172","display_name":"Massimo Merro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1712-7492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Merro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1712-7492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083686418","display_name":"Nicola Zannone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-5996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Zannone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-5996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2014,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38770424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.8185540437698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmable-logic-controller","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","score":0.7306184768676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6902661323547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6006478071212769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5560294985771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5190863609313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5113624930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5038813948631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-logic","display_name":"Control logic","score":0.4678388833999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmable-logic-device","display_name":"Programmable logic device","score":0.4438638389110565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.435587078332901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3762114942073822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.21876177191734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19751641154289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18018749356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10908550024032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10144743323326111}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8185540437698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37374048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188674","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","level":2,"score":0.7306184768676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6902661323547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6006478071212769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5560294985771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5190863609313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5113624930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5038813948631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776350369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843479","display_name":"Control logic","level":2,"score":0.4678388833999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206274596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063837","display_name":"Programmable logic device","level":2,"score":0.4438638389110565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.435587078332901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3762114942073822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.21876177191734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19751641154289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18018749356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10908550024032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10144743323326111}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605081","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605081","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire/72400e75-e9fc-4277-9b11-c94e236bf83c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/72400e75-e9fc-4277-9b11-c94e236bf83c","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/345464143/3600160.3605081.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cozza, V, Dalla Preda, M, Lucchese, M, Merro, M & Zannone, N 2023, Towards Obfuscation of Programmable Logic Controllers. in ARES '23 : Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security., 121, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc., New York, 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, ARES 2023, Benevento, Italy, 29/08/23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605081","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire_cris_publications/72400e75-e9fc-4277-9b11-c94e236bf83c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/files/345464143/3600160.3605081.pdf","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/345464143/3600160.3605081.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cozza, V, Dalla Preda, M, Lucchese, M, Merro, M & Zannone, N 2023, Towards Obfuscation of Programmable Logic Controllers. in ARES '23 : Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security., 121, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc., New York, 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, ARES 2023, Benevento, Italy, 29/08/23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605081","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605081","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605081","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1733109337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1062/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2352013729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DM 1062/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6051190257","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DM 1062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385692134.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385692134.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W849075951","https://openalex.org/W1514023947","https://openalex.org/W1546730640","https://openalex.org/W1577459505","https://openalex.org/W2026693824","https://openalex.org/W2110908283","https://openalex.org/W2131263964","https://openalex.org/W2149713648","https://openalex.org/W2152106854","https://openalex.org/W2208484662","https://openalex.org/W2401334501","https://openalex.org/W2407991977","https://openalex.org/W2600170012","https://openalex.org/W2765362015","https://openalex.org/W2791587036","https://openalex.org/W2892862852","https://openalex.org/W2947820052","https://openalex.org/W2962808527","https://openalex.org/W2995364870","https://openalex.org/W3003809591","https://openalex.org/W3100692477","https://openalex.org/W3192615057","https://openalex.org/W4253778559","https://openalex.org/W4283796786","https://openalex.org/W4292002670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794067684","https://openalex.org/W2358591189","https://openalex.org/W616788921","https://openalex.org/W4391047221","https://openalex.org/W2183772682","https://openalex.org/W4206484832","https://openalex.org/W2041879832","https://openalex.org/W4391319798","https://openalex.org/W2477634289","https://openalex.org/W2536325749"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently":[0],"published":[1],"scan":[2],"data":[3],"on":[4,64],"Shodan":[5],"shows":[6],"how":[7],"105K":[8],"Industrial":[9],"Control":[10],"Systems":[11],"(ICSs)":[12],"around":[13],"the":[14,20,46,54,65,69],"world":[15],"are":[16,33],"directly":[17],"accessible":[18,35],"from":[19],"Internet.":[21],"In":[22],"particular,":[23],"highly":[24],"sensitive":[25],"components,":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28],"Programmable":[29],"Logic":[30],"Controllers":[31],"(PLCs),":[32],"potentially":[34],"to":[36,49],"attackers":[37],"who":[38],"can":[39],"implement":[40],"several":[41],"kinds":[42],"of":[43,61],"attacks.":[44],"On":[45],"other":[47],"hand,":[48],"accomplish":[50],"non-trivial":[51],"cyber-physical":[52],"attacks":[53],"attacker":[55],"must":[56],"possess":[57],"a":[58],"sufficient":[59],"degree":[60],"process":[62],"comprehension":[63],"physical":[66],"processes":[67],"within":[68],"target":[70],"ICS.":[71]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
