{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385688183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605080","title":"Towards the Definition of Cognitive Warfare and Related Countermeasures: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Towards the Definition of Cognitive Warfare and Related Countermeasures: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385688183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605080","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605080","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605080","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056854470","display_name":"F. Plaza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9165-9942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37446213","display_name":"Indra (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/00vpq6g39","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37446213"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frida Mu\u00f1oz Plaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indra, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9165-9942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indra, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37446213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015993350","display_name":"Marco Antonio Sotelo Monge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6392-0216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37446213","display_name":"Indra (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/00vpq6g39","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37446213"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Antonio Sotelo Monge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indra, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6392-0216","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indra, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37446213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003715833","display_name":"H\u00e9ctor Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Ordi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-1084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hector Gonzalez Ordi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-1084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3729,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91558442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13369","display_name":"European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13369","display_name":"European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9502000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9318000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.6743276119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6048493981361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.558586597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5005607604980469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.49511876702308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.48683851957321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38422486186027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3751642107963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.35716432332992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.35518497228622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.23827868700027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1953120231628418}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.6743276119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6048493981361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.558586597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5005607604980469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.49511876702308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.48683851957321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38422486186027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3751642107963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.35716432332992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35518497228622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.23827868700027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1953120231628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605080","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605080","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605080","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605080","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1875498050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EDF-2021-CYBER-R-CDAI-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318377","funder_display_name":"European Defence Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318377","display_name":"European Defence Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385688183.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385688183.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4247491350","https://openalex.org/W4321381485"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3043508177","https://openalex.org/W4382752644","https://openalex.org/W4309170162","https://openalex.org/W3049488969","https://openalex.org/W2043544044","https://openalex.org/W3209170404","https://openalex.org/W2067549128","https://openalex.org/W4226303916","https://openalex.org/W1989258207","https://openalex.org/W2573831620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Psychological":[0],"warfare":[1,108,127,144,184],"and":[2,36,50,63,109,166,180,203],"hybrid":[3,110],"threats":[4,111],"are":[5,21,45,146],"currently":[6],"one":[7],"of":[8,15,28,34,40,93,99,106,117,182,199],"the":[9,13,25,32,74,78,104,133,156,164,177,193],"greatest":[10],"risks":[11],"to":[12,23,47,58,65,113,120,159],"stability":[14],"democratic":[16],"systems,":[17],"as":[18,20,155,169,189,191],"well":[19,190],"used":[22],"exploit":[24],"psychological":[26,183],"vulnerability":[27],"individuals.":[29],"Together":[30],"with":[31],"use":[33],"disinformation":[35],"technologies,":[37,202],"cognitive":[38,81,107,126,178],"biases":[39],"individuals":[41,86],"in":[42,56,80,91,142,171],"a":[43,115,152,186,197],"population":[44],"susceptible":[46],"being":[48],"exploited":[49],"manipulated":[51],"by":[52,72,132],"an":[53,94],"external":[54],"actor":[55],"order":[57],"alter":[59],"their":[60,67,122],"behaviour,":[61],"beliefs":[62],"decision-making":[64],"achieve":[66],"strategic":[68],"goals.":[69],"As":[70],"pointed":[71],"NATO,":[73],"human":[75],"mind":[76],"becomes":[77],"battlefield":[79],"warfare,":[82],"targeting":[83],"not":[84],"only":[85],"but":[87],"also":[88],"group":[89],"behaviours":[90],"favor":[92],"adversary\u2019s":[95],"objectives.":[96],"The":[97,174],"aim":[98],"this":[100,172],"research":[101],"is":[102],"therefore":[103],"revision":[105],"definitions":[112],"draw":[114],"set":[116],"countermeasures":[118,162],"intended":[119],"mitigate":[121],"effects.":[123],"Even":[124],"when":[125],"has":[128],"been":[129],"widely":[130],"covered":[131],"different":[134],"miliary":[135],"doctrines":[136],"since":[137],"early":[138],"times,":[139],"its":[140],"implications":[141],"modern":[143],"scenarios":[145],"constantly":[147],"evolving":[148],"so":[149],"that":[150],"requiring":[151],"context-aware":[153],"analysis":[154,175],"main":[157],"driver":[158],"underpin":[160],"possible":[161],"from":[163],"governmental":[165],"political":[167],"perspectives,":[168],"presented":[170],"work.":[173],"explores":[176],"impact":[179],"scope":[181],"on":[185],"national":[187],"scale,":[188],"at":[192],"individual":[194],"level":[195],"within":[196],"context":[198],"proliferating":[200],"disinformation,":[201],"manipulation.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
