{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385713448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605021","title":"Network Covert Channels in Routing Protocols","display_name":"Network Covert Channels in Routing Protocols","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385713448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605021"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605021","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605021","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605021","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101449664","display_name":"Michael A. Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8951-3089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120691247","display_name":"FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen","ror":"https://ror.org/04tkkr536","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8951-3089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058921299","display_name":"Daniel Spiekermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-6062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159743108","display_name":"Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/03dv91853","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159743108"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Spiekermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-6062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159743108"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018765427","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Keller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-6140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120691247","display_name":"FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen","ror":"https://ror.org/04tkkr536","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Keller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-6140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0283,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78420413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8060907125473022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7960110902786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.6888747215270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.5937806367874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-interior-gateway-routing-protocol","display_name":"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol","score":0.5519661903381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-vector-routing-protocol","display_name":"Distance-vector routing protocol","score":0.5264880657196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.5192790031433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zone-routing-protocol","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","score":0.4973352253437042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-shortest-path-first","display_name":"Open Shortest Path First","score":0.47406429052352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interior-gateway-protocol","display_name":"Interior gateway protocol","score":0.45780515670776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.4472261667251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-information-protocol","display_name":"Routing Information Protocol","score":0.4355151057243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.43271830677986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.364185094833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.3041161596775055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8060907125473022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7960110902786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.6888747215270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.5937806367874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87044965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091139","display_name":"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.5519661903381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202385902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229441","display_name":"Distance-vector routing protocol","level":5,"score":0.5264880657196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.5192790031433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.4973352253437042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70522964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220169","display_name":"Open Shortest Path First","level":5,"score":0.47406429052352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52837422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431028","display_name":"Interior gateway protocol","level":5,"score":0.45780515670776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.4472261667251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7573999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207580","display_name":"Routing Information Protocol","level":5,"score":0.4355151057243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.43271830677986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.364185094833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3041161596775055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605021","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605021","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3605021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605021","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3605021","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385713448.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385713448.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1848198704","https://openalex.org/W1981844530","https://openalex.org/W1989875432","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2120467192","https://openalex.org/W2609054345","https://openalex.org/W2767171934","https://openalex.org/W2898206736","https://openalex.org/W3007114941","https://openalex.org/W3115410949","https://openalex.org/W3195313677","https://openalex.org/W4220957511","https://openalex.org/W4237435101","https://openalex.org/W4239657492","https://openalex.org/W4244558719","https://openalex.org/W4246617351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2564595897","https://openalex.org/W2355569481","https://openalex.org/W2945473358","https://openalex.org/W2288152565","https://openalex.org/W2052500986","https://openalex.org/W80757093","https://openalex.org/W3044838772","https://openalex.org/W2246113009","https://openalex.org/W4200095550","https://openalex.org/W2332989805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer":[0],"networks":[1],"play":[2,33],"a":[3,55,71,107,115,126,147],"key":[4],"role":[5,36],"in":[6,37,86,125],"everyday":[7],"lives.":[8],"To":[9],"guarantee":[10],"fail-safe":[11],"operation,":[12],"routing":[13,20,27,80,127],"protocols":[14,28,53,61],"are":[15],"used":[16],"that":[17,98],"enable":[18],"dynamic":[19],"via":[21],"redundant":[22],"paths.":[23],"Because":[24],"of":[25,51,91,110,122],"this,":[26],"like":[29],"RIP":[30],"or":[31],"OSPF":[32,79],"an":[34,142],"important":[35],"modern":[38],"network":[39,63],"infrastructures.":[40],"The":[41],"widespread":[42],"use":[43],"together":[44],"with":[45,88],"the":[46,78,84,89,120],"mostly":[47],"missing":[48],"traffic":[49],"monitoring":[50],"these":[52,60],"provide":[54,106],"possible":[56],"base":[57],"to":[58,94],"exploit":[59],"for":[62,102],"steganographic":[64,135],"channels.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"we":[69,140],"present":[70],"novel":[72],"storage":[73],"covert":[74,103,112,123,148],"channel":[75,113,149],"based":[76],"on":[77],"protocol.":[81,128],"We":[82,105],"analyzed":[83],"protocol":[85,96],"detail":[87],"help":[90],"hiding":[92],"patterns":[93],"identify":[95],"fields":[97],"might":[99],"be":[100,151],"suitable":[101],"communication.":[104],"proof-of-concept":[108],"implementation":[109],"our":[111],"inside":[114],"simulated":[116],"network,":[117],"which":[118],"demonstrates":[119],"possibility":[121],"communication":[124],"Our":[129],"evaluation":[130],"covers":[131],"detectability":[132],"and":[133,137],"countermeasures,":[134],"bandwidth":[136],"robustness.":[138],"Furthermore,":[139],"sketch":[141],"application":[143],"scenario":[144],"where":[145],"such":[146],"can":[150],"deployed.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
