{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385687992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3604985","title":"Game Theoretic Modelling of a Ransom and Extortion Attack on Ethereum Validators","display_name":"Game Theoretic Modelling of a Ransom and Extortion Attack on Ethereum Validators","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385687992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3604985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3604985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3604985","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043415622","display_name":"Alpesh Bhudia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6733-032X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alpesh Bhudia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6733-032X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103091719","display_name":"Anna Cartwright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1965-842X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Cartwright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1965-842X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101430075","display_name":"Edward Cartwright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0194-9368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","display_name":"De Montfort University","ror":"https://ror.org/0312pnr83","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Cartwright","raw_affiliation_strings":["De Montfort University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0194-9368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"De Montfort University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066898395","display_name":"Darren Hurley-Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9896-9308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darren Hurley-Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Holloway University of London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9896-9308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Holloway University of London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059422128","display_name":"Julio Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-5328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julio Hernandez-Castro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kent, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-5328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kent, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.8005164861679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/validator","display_name":"Validator","score":0.6744974255561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6637815237045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6252327561378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ransom","display_name":"Ransom","score":0.6059234142303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extortion","display_name":"Extortion","score":0.5925823450088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.48086363077163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.46756941080093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-cash","display_name":"Electronic cash","score":0.4119744300842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.13598409295082092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12936681509017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12899747490882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.12212491035461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.09915223717689514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.8005164861679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35292069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1575458","display_name":"Validator","level":2,"score":0.6744974255561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6637815237045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6252327561378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414572","display_name":"Ransom","level":2,"score":0.6059234142303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779066997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6452087","display_name":"Extortion","level":2,"score":0.5925823450088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.48086363077163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46756941080093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778522442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326122","display_name":"Electronic cash","level":3,"score":0.4119744300842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13598409295082092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12936681509017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12899747490882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.12212491035461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.09915223717689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3604985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3604985","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:102497","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/102497/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or workshop item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794998188","https://openalex.org/W2913353093","https://openalex.org/W2916931547","https://openalex.org/W2948913639","https://openalex.org/W2954103930","https://openalex.org/W3009452534","https://openalex.org/W3011105886","https://openalex.org/W3042468609","https://openalex.org/W3046374425","https://openalex.org/W3194201954","https://openalex.org/W4292387755"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318683744","https://openalex.org/W2519510627","https://openalex.org/W2317284651","https://openalex.org/W4251141062","https://openalex.org/W3013350171","https://openalex.org/W4385012251","https://openalex.org/W4234092798","https://openalex.org/W2026943272","https://openalex.org/W2460988595","https://openalex.org/W4319988664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Consensus":[0],"algorithms":[1],"facilitate":[2],"agreement":[3],"on":[4,25],"and":[5,14,35,53],"resolution":[6],"of":[7,62],"blockchain":[8],"functions,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"smart":[12],"contracts":[13],"transactions.":[15],"Ethereum":[16],"uses":[17],"a":[18,41,60],"Proof-of-Stake":[19],"(PoS)":[20],"consensus":[21],"mechanism,":[22],"which":[23],"depends":[24],"financial":[26],"incentives":[27],"to":[28,44],"ensure":[29],"that":[30],"validators":[31,49],"perform":[32],"certain":[33],"duties":[34],"do":[36],"not":[37],"act":[38],"maliciously.":[39],"Should":[40],"validator":[42],"attempt":[43],"defraud":[45],"the":[46],"system,":[47],"legitimate":[48],"will":[50],"identify":[51],"this":[52],"then":[54],"staked":[55],"cryptocurrency":[56],"is":[57],"\u2018burned\u2019":[58],"through":[59],"process":[61],"slashing.":[63]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
