{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382490901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3600169","title":"SoK: A Systematic Review of TEE Usage for Developing Trusted Applications","display_name":"SoK: A Systematic Review of TEE Usage for Developing Trusted Applications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382490901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3600169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3600169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3600169","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3600169","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3600169","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092355480","display_name":"Arttu Paju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-2184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arttu Paju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-2184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101769526","display_name":"Muhammad Javed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9764-3001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Owais Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9764-3001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024596776","display_name":"Juha Nurmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3071-9027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Nurmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3071-9027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092355481","display_name":"Juha Savim\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5252-7774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Savim\u00e4ki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University, Finland and Unikie Oy, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5252-7774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland and Unikie Oy, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036763044","display_name":"Brian McGillion","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-5295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087059","display_name":"Technology Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001kv2y39","country_code":"AE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian McGillion","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Innovation Institute (TII), United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-5295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Innovation Institute (TII), United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079035785","display_name":"Billy Bob Brumley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9160-0463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Billy Bob Brumley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9160-0463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3064,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82461538,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timeline","display_name":"Timeline","score":0.8104584217071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.755588173866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7117434740066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6023330092430115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.5479063391685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.49141204357147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.47263476252555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44636934995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4456758499145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.39854246377944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33479586243629456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11485645174980164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4438859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117","display_name":"Timeline","level":2,"score":0.8104584217071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.755588173866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7117434740066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6023330092430115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.5479063391685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.49141204357147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.47263476252555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44636934995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4456758499145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.39854246377944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33479586243629456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11485645174980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3600169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3600169","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3600169","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.15025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15025","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15025","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/206761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/206761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600160.3600169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3600169","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600160.3600169","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1635010105","display_name":"SECURE PLATFORM FOR ICT SYSTEMS ROOTED AT THE SILICON MANUFACTURING PROCESS","funder_award_id":"952622","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1904594852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TII/SSRC/2055/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319679","funder_display_name":"Advanced Technology Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3957910971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"804476","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5546803245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"804476,952622","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306515","display_name":"Social Science Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/006cvnv84"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319679","display_name":"Advanced Technology Research Council","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382490901.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382490901.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":120,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W791694307","https://openalex.org/W1569778844","https://openalex.org/W2020936921","https://openalex.org/W2044137643","https://openalex.org/W2046036463","https://openalex.org/W2067311365","https://openalex.org/W2075729786","https://openalex.org/W2097723548","https://openalex.org/W2154884316","https://openalex.org/W2168872572","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2552697910","https://openalex.org/W2563739042","https://openalex.org/W2601206855","https://openalex.org/W2603926284","https://openalex.org/W2604858371","https://openalex.org/W2605921859","https://openalex.org/W2741593962","https://openalex.org/W2742804588","https://openalex.org/W2742953865","https://openalex.org/W2762625979","https://openalex.org/W2765706244","https://openalex.org/W2766652420","https://openalex.org/W2767174522","https://openalex.org/W2788102356","https://openalex.org/W2794929715","https://openalex.org/W2798876664","https://openalex.org/W2799154389","https://openalex.org/W2801090464","https://openalex.org/W2899435347","https://openalex.org/W2899688953","https://openalex.org/W2904364493","https://openalex.org/W2914223029","https://openalex.org/W2922166054","https://openalex.org/W2926084389","https://openalex.org/W2930957133","https://openalex.org/W2946377927","https://openalex.org/W2946820880","https://openalex.org/W2948509220","https://openalex.org/W2949256944","https://openalex.org/W2950042958","https://openalex.org/W2955342536","https://openalex.org/W2955435695","https://openalex.org/W2966910544","https://openalex.org/W2969233409","https://openalex.org/W2982003166","https://openalex.org/W2984556831","https://openalex.org/W2985546873","https://openalex.org/W2987486320","https://openalex.org/W2991183626","https://openalex.org/W2991603322","https://openalex.org/W2995592902","https://openalex.org/W3001001866","https://openalex.org/W3006403184","https://openalex.org/W3008991042","https://openalex.org/W3009557452","https://openalex.org/W3010932828","https://openalex.org/W3011277183","https://openalex.org/W3015584356","https://openalex.org/W3016075089","https://openalex.org/W3016246341","https://openalex.org/W3020918280","https://openalex.org/W3021475380","https://openalex.org/W3023201838","https://openalex.org/W3027292755","https://openalex.org/W3034048905","https://openalex.org/W3045791987","https://openalex.org/W3046333872","https://openalex.org/W3081512183","https://openalex.org/W3092452325","https://openalex.org/W3095433563","https://openalex.org/W3097981673","https://openalex.org/W3104384682","https://openalex.org/W3104587939","https://openalex.org/W3104625507","https://openalex.org/W3105033262","https://openalex.org/W3105175523","https://openalex.org/W3110337382","https://openalex.org/W3111975409","https://openalex.org/W3112592596","https://openalex.org/W3118594333","https://openalex.org/W3123262096","https://openalex.org/W3138943459","https://openalex.org/W3148171432","https://openalex.org/W3148536947","https://openalex.org/W3149775480","https://openalex.org/W3151309405","https://openalex.org/W3154792536","https://openalex.org/W3158761221","https://openalex.org/W3159543278","https://openalex.org/W3173101631","https://openalex.org/W3173940409","https://openalex.org/W3175241805","https://openalex.org/W3176786489","https://openalex.org/W3176837538","https://openalex.org/W3180257170","https://openalex.org/W3180985054","https://openalex.org/W3190095029","https://openalex.org/W3193689238","https://openalex.org/W3195032555","https://openalex.org/W3195593967","https://openalex.org/W3198531562","https://openalex.org/W3205102899","https://openalex.org/W3205990604","https://openalex.org/W3206229470","https://openalex.org/W3214271738","https://openalex.org/W3216559820","https://openalex.org/W4200371476","https://openalex.org/W4206700479","https://openalex.org/W4210467465","https://openalex.org/W4280590753","https://openalex.org/W4281650148","https://openalex.org/W4288057693","https://openalex.org/W4294691594","https://openalex.org/W4312931332","https://openalex.org/W6600238479","https://openalex.org/W6600529467","https://openalex.org/W6601149775","https://openalex.org/W6725798761","https://openalex.org/W6922120124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2935909890","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W1858249912"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trusted":[0,46],"Execution":[1],"Environments":[2],"(TEEs)":[3],"are":[4],"a":[5,17,87,98],"feature":[6],"of":[7,89,107],"modern":[8],"central":[9],"processing":[10],"units":[11],"(CPUs)":[12],"that":[13,27],"aim":[14],"to":[15,24,44,58,71,123],"provide":[16,97],"high":[18],"assurance,":[19],"isolated":[20],"environment":[21],"in":[22,37],"which":[23],"run":[25],"workloads":[26],"demand":[28],"both":[29],"confidentiality":[30],"and":[31,34,66,83,96,110,118,133],"integrity.":[32],"Hardware":[33],"software":[35],"components":[36],"the":[38,50,60,94,105,120,135],"CPU":[39],"isolate":[40],"workloads,":[41],"commonly":[42],"referred":[43],"as":[45],"Applications":[47],"(TAs),":[48],"from":[49,86],"main":[51],"operating":[52],"system":[53],"(OS).":[54],"This":[55],"article":[56],"aims":[57],"analyse":[59,119],"TEE":[61,78,108],"ecosystem,":[62],"determine":[63],"its":[64],"usability,":[65],"suggest":[67],"improvements":[68],"where":[69],"necessary":[70],"make":[72],"adoption":[73],"easier.":[74],"To":[75],"better":[76],"understand":[77],"usage,":[79],"we":[80,126],"gathered":[81],"academic":[82],"practical":[84],"examples":[85],"total":[88],"223":[90],"references.":[91],"We":[92,112],"summarise":[93],"literature":[95],"publication":[99],"timeline,":[100],"along":[101],"with":[102],"insights":[103],"into":[104,115],"evolution":[106],"research":[109],"deployment.":[111],"categorise":[113],"TAs":[114],"major":[116],"groups":[117],"tools":[121],"available":[122],"developers.":[124],"Lastly,":[125],"evaluate":[127],"trusted":[128],"container":[129],"projects,":[130],"test":[131],"performance,":[132],"identify":[134],"requirements":[136],"for":[137],"migrating":[138],"applications":[139],"inside":[140],"them.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}