{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388320595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600100.3623747","title":"A Novel Graph Neural Network for Zone-Level Urban-Scale Building Energy\u00a0Use\u00a0Estimation","display_name":"A Novel Graph Neural Network for Zone-Level Urban-Scale Building Energy\u00a0Use\u00a0Estimation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388320595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600100.3623747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600100.3623747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600100.3623747","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600100.3623747","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600100.3623747","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eren G\u00f6kberk Hala\u00e7l\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1685-5031"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eren G\u00f6kberk Hala\u00e7l\u0131","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, METU, Turkey and ODT\u00dc-G\u00dcNAM, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, METU, Turkey and ODT\u00dc-G\u00dcNAM, Turkey","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039256456","display_name":"\u0130lkim Canl\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5166-5676"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0130lkim Canl\u0131","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, METU, Turkey and ODT\u00dc-G\u00dcNAM, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, METU, Turkey and ODT\u00dc-G\u00dcNAM, Turkey","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080880646","display_name":"Or\u00e7un Koral \u0130\u015feri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7735-3363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Or\u00e7un Koral \u0130\u015feri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, METU, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, METU, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085823679","display_name":"Feyza Yavuz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9127-6106"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feyza Yavuz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, METU, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, METU, Turkey","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044367725","display_name":"\u00c7a\u011fla Meral Akg\u00fcl","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c7a\u011fla Meral Akg\u00fcl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, METU, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, METU, Turkey","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032424779","display_name":"Sinan Kalkan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0915-5917"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sinan Kalkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, METU, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, METU, Turkey","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059734763","display_name":"\u0130pek G\u00fcrsel Dino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-9192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ipek G\u00fcrsel Dino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, METU, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, METU, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9152,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72999747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"169","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.683478057384491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6770191192626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.6141716241836548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5681570172309875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4572559893131256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.45404306054115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4468454420566559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4414484202861786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.440751314163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.4310508370399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-model","display_name":"Building model","score":0.42757901549339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.41480717062950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4131217300891876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3966977000236511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3470247983932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.21857574582099915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.20972469449043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1449001431465149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12381216883659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11096721887588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.10446366667747498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.10364562273025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.10353398323059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10108524560928345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.683478057384491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6770191192626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.6141716241836548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5681570172309875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4572559893131256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45404306054115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4468454420566559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4414484202861786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.440751314163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4310508370399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778530916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352349","display_name":"Building model","level":2,"score":0.42757901549339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.41480717062950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4131217300891876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3966977000236511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3470247983932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.21857574582099915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.20972469449043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1449001431465149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12381216883659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11096721887588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.10446366667747498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.10364562273025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10353398323059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10108524560928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600100.3623747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600100.3623747","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600100.3623747","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/108016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/108016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"10th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation, BuildSys 2023","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3600100.3623747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3600100.3623747","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3600100.3623747","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2816653779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TUB\u0130TAK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8010727036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"120M997","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388320595.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388320595.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W2002335272","https://openalex.org/W2081319752","https://openalex.org/W2472748126","https://openalex.org/W2515244244","https://openalex.org/W2754029504","https://openalex.org/W2806066720","https://openalex.org/W2982400808","https://openalex.org/W3011667710","https://openalex.org/W3021900882","https://openalex.org/W3122220845","https://openalex.org/W3152893301","https://openalex.org/W3215602957","https://openalex.org/W3217665937","https://openalex.org/W4200015761","https://openalex.org/W4211076903","https://openalex.org/W4283388850","https://openalex.org/W4286795917","https://openalex.org/W4290990408","https://openalex.org/W4308615691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282043467","https://openalex.org/W2105697914","https://openalex.org/W179829755","https://openalex.org/W2736382348","https://openalex.org/W2034320279","https://openalex.org/W2077589412","https://openalex.org/W2186737988","https://openalex.org/W2039105817","https://openalex.org/W2944983100","https://openalex.org/W2464948348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Buildings":[0],"are":[1],"highly":[2],"responsible":[3],"for":[4,19,56,60,146,213],"total":[5],"energy":[6,15,30,34,58,152,219],"consumption":[7,16],"in":[8,79,89,158],"cities;":[9],"therefore,":[10],"accurate":[11],"estimation":[12],"of":[13,100,108,149,163,194,216],"building":[14,29,70,129,218],"is":[17],"essential":[18],"developing":[20],"energy-efficient":[21],"strategies":[22],"on":[23,69],"an":[24,97],"urban":[25,28,217],"scale.":[26],"Data-driven":[27],"models":[31,63,110],"can":[32,111,120],"predict":[33],"use":[35,65,170],"with":[36],"high":[37],"precision":[38,107],"and":[39,73,125,166,191,198],"low":[40],"computational":[41],"cost.":[42],"In":[43,131],"recent":[44],"years,":[45],"machine":[46],"learning,":[47],"especially":[48],"neural":[49,116],"networks,":[50],"emerged":[51],"as":[52,92,181,186],"the":[53,81,101,122,142,147,156,195],"prominent":[54],"method":[55],"predicting":[57],"load":[59],"buildings.":[61],"These":[62],"typically":[64],"different":[66,128],"input":[67],"features":[68,172,188],"form,":[71],"occupancy":[72],"operation.":[74],"However,":[75],"they":[76,93],"remain":[77],"inadequate":[78],"capturing":[80],"complex":[82],"inter-dependencies":[83],"(i.e.,":[84],"heat":[85],"transfer)":[86],"between":[87,104,127],"units":[88],"multi-zone":[90],"buildings,":[91],"do":[94],"not":[95],"have":[96],"explicit":[98],"representation":[99],"neighborhood":[102,161],"relations":[103],"zones.":[105,168],"The":[106,201],"data-driven":[109],"be":[112],"improved":[113],"using":[114],"Graph":[115],"networks":[117],"(GNN)":[118],"that":[119,140,204],"capture":[121],"underlying":[123],"relationships":[124],"dependencies":[126],"elements.":[130],"this":[132],"paper":[133],"we":[134],"propose":[135],"a":[136,159],"novel":[137],"GNN":[138],"model":[139,207],"surpasses":[141],"current":[143],"state-of-art":[144],"methods":[145],"prediction":[148,215],"zone-level":[150,171],"heating":[151],"use.":[153],"We":[154,169],"applied":[155],"methodology":[157],"residential":[160],"consisting":[162],"5866":[164],"buildings":[165],"64462":[167],"regarding":[173],"their":[174],"geometry,":[175],"material":[176],"thermal":[177],"characteristics,":[178],"internal":[179],"loads":[180],"node":[182],"features,":[183],"inter-zone":[184],"parameters":[185],"edge":[187],"(total":[189],"area":[190],"U":[192],"value":[193],"adjacent":[196],"surfaces)":[197],"weather":[199],"parameters.":[200],"results":[202],"showed":[203],"our":[205],"proposed":[206],"provides":[208],"improvements":[209],"over":[210],"alternative":[211],"approaches":[212],"precise":[214],"consumption.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}