{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394769342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3639117","title":"GPTScan: Detecting Logic Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts by Combining GPT with Program Analysis","display_name":"GPTScan: Detecting Logic Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts by Combining GPT with Program Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394769342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3639117"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3597503.3639117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3639117","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3597503.3639117","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3597503.3639117","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102959778","display_name":"Yuqiang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4340-3371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuqiang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063510532","display_name":"Daoyuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-0718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daoyuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082360292","display_name":"Yue Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2141-2044"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["MetaTrust Labs, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MetaTrust Labs, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100657632","display_name":"Han Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8384-7933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618","https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419375","display_name":"Haijun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3509-3919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049629263","display_name":"Zhengzi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8390-7518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengzi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084396416","display_name":"Xiaofei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102959778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":43.1904,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":125,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99957598,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.7352035641670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7011874318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-coding","display_name":"Secure coding","score":0.6225621700286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.595765233039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.5432866215705872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-bug","display_name":"Security bug","score":0.49198004603385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.45325595140457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4170484244823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-security-assurance","display_name":"Software security assurance","score":0.3258056044578552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3097882866859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2084784209728241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.16298526525497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.12054681777954102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.1192685067653656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.7352035641670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7011874318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.6225621700286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.595765233039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.5432866215705872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131275738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445023","display_name":"Security bug","level":5,"score":0.49198004603385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.45325595140457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4170484244823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.3258056044578552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3097882866859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2084784209728241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.16298526525497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.12054681777954102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.1192685067653656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3597503.3639117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3639117","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3597503.3639117","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-137043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-137043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3597503.3639117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3639117","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3597503.3639117","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1958612786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG2-RP-2020-019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2667749827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG2-RP-2020-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G478423709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG2-RP-2020-019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6036235291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NCRP25-P04-TAICeN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394769342.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394769342.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2984656466","https://openalex.org/W2999378142","https://openalex.org/W3005700089","https://openalex.org/W3015325345","https://openalex.org/W3016155638","https://openalex.org/W3034136313","https://openalex.org/W3043576244","https://openalex.org/W3098450669","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W4206568431","https://openalex.org/W4211181447","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4285490412","https://openalex.org/W4288057718","https://openalex.org/W4311165836","https://openalex.org/W4321524221","https://openalex.org/W4378591002","https://openalex.org/W4384154487","https://openalex.org/W4384302865","https://openalex.org/W4385572634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978034799","https://openalex.org/W4384518368","https://openalex.org/W2062583373","https://openalex.org/W2141388993","https://openalex.org/W2155353733","https://openalex.org/W2504659933","https://openalex.org/W2039943835","https://openalex.org/W2293245356","https://openalex.org/W2560421591","https://openalex.org/W1566131087"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1],"are":[2],"prone":[3],"to":[4,8,54],"various":[5],"vulnerabilities,":[6],"leading":[7],"substantial":[9],"financial":[10],"losses":[11],"over":[12],"time.":[13],"Current":[14],"analysis":[15],"tools":[16,52],"mainly":[17],"target":[18],"vulnerabilities":[19],"with":[20],"fixed":[21],"control-":[22],"or":[23],"data-flow":[24],"patterns,":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"re-entrancy":[28],"and":[29,61],"integer":[30],"overflow.":[31],"However,":[32],"a":[33],"recent":[34,64],"study":[35],"on":[36],"Web3":[37],"security":[38],"bugs":[39,46],"revealed":[40],"that":[41],"about":[42],"80%":[43],"of":[44,57],"these":[45],"cannot":[47],"be":[48],"audited":[49],"by":[50],"existing":[51],"due":[53],"the":[55],"lack":[56],"domain-specific":[58],"property":[59],"description":[60],"checking.":[62],"Given":[63],"advances":[65],"in":[66,82],"Large":[67],"Language":[68],"Models":[69],"(LLMs),":[70],"it":[71],"is":[72],"worth":[73],"exploring":[74],"how":[75],"Generative":[76],"Pre-training":[77],"Transformer":[78],"(GPT)":[79],"could":[80],"aid":[81],"detecting":[83],"logic":[84],"vulnerabilities.":[85]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":90},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2024-04-13T00:00:00"}