{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391558429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3623303","title":"Resource Usage and Optimization Opportunities in Workflows of GitHub Actions","display_name":"Resource Usage and Optimization Opportunities in Workflows of GitHub Actions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391558429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3623303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3597503.3623303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3623303","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019267326","display_name":"Islem Bouzenia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3920-3839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Islem Bouzenia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3920-3839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013438083","display_name":"Michael Pradel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-498X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Pradel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-498X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.9174765348434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.7453898787498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7351346015930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5585522651672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4682800769805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3646489977836609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3586289882659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.33942893147468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13694483041763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08738067746162415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.9174765348434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.7453898787498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7351346015930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5585522651672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4682800769805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3646489977836609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3586289882659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.33942893147468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13694483041763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08738067746162415}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3597503.3623303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3623303","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8390793956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"851895","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991292921","https://openalex.org/W2161538570","https://openalex.org/W2166616527","https://openalex.org/W2347053969","https://openalex.org/W2352511489","https://openalex.org/W2408438722","https://openalex.org/W2589663975","https://openalex.org/W2591823109","https://openalex.org/W2732522303","https://openalex.org/W2740295334","https://openalex.org/W2741220297","https://openalex.org/W2795223920","https://openalex.org/W2803395207","https://openalex.org/W2954449342","https://openalex.org/W2955656327","https://openalex.org/W2963023085","https://openalex.org/W2980907292","https://openalex.org/W3000554390","https://openalex.org/W3089183726","https://openalex.org/W3106063118","https://openalex.org/W3118614203","https://openalex.org/W3124882526","https://openalex.org/W3162465489","https://openalex.org/W3180921142","https://openalex.org/W4220838790","https://openalex.org/W4226343055","https://openalex.org/W4235245344","https://openalex.org/W4241722226","https://openalex.org/W4284676680","https://openalex.org/W4286530315","https://openalex.org/W4287258969","https://openalex.org/W4308562592","https://openalex.org/W4312824631","https://openalex.org/W4320341250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2618286804","https://openalex.org/W2329643025","https://openalex.org/W2002770077","https://openalex.org/W3131163342","https://openalex.org/W2092256833","https://openalex.org/W2142369114","https://openalex.org/W2361728394","https://openalex.org/W2166271660","https://openalex.org/W3089582840","https://openalex.org/W2352631095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"integration":[1],"and":[2,52,70,104,116,149,186],"continuous":[3],"delivery":[4],"(CI/CD)":[5],"has":[6],"become":[7],"a":[8,19,134],"prevalent":[9],"practice":[10],"in":[11,165,179],"software":[12],"development.":[13],"GitHub":[14,74],"Actions":[15],"is":[16,100,108],"emerging":[17],"as":[18,125,169],"popular":[20],"platform":[21,31],"for":[22,37,51,89,146],"implementing":[23],"CI/CD":[24,54,81,204],"pipelines,":[25],"called":[26],"workflows,":[27],"especially":[28],"because":[29],"the":[30,62,97,144,166,189,200],"offers":[32],"2,000":[33],"minutes":[34],"of":[35,67,73,96,130,181,203],"computation":[36],"free":[38],"to":[39,151,197],"public":[40],"repositories":[41,174],"each":[42],"month.":[43],"To":[44],"understand":[45],"what":[46],"these":[47],"resources":[48,99],"are":[49,175],"used":[50,98],"whether":[53],"could":[55,177],"be":[56],"more":[57,155],"efficient,":[58],"this":[59],"paper":[60],"presents":[61],"first":[63],"comprehensive":[64],"empirical":[65],"study":[66],"resource":[68,201],"usage":[69],"optimization":[71],"opportunities":[72],"Action":[75],"workflows.":[76,157,191],"Our":[77],"findings":[78,196],"show":[79,160],"that":[80,161],"imposes":[82],"significant":[83],"costs,":[84],"e.g.,":[85],"$504":[86],"per":[87],"year":[88],"an":[90],"average":[91],"paid-tier":[92,131],"repository.":[93],"The":[94],"majority":[95],"consumed":[101],"by":[102,110,128],"testing":[103],"building":[105],"(91.2%),":[106],"which":[107],"triggered":[109],"pull":[111],"requests":[112],"(50.7%),":[113],"pushes":[114],"(30.9%),":[115],"regularly":[117],"scheduled":[118,171],"workflows":[119,172],"(15.5%).":[120],"While":[121],"existing":[122],"optimizations,":[123],"such":[124,168],"caching":[126],"(adopted":[127],"32.9%":[129],"repositories),":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"positive":[135],"impact,":[136],"they":[137],"overall":[138],"remain":[139],"underutilized.":[140],"This":[141],"result":[142,178],"underscores":[143],"need":[145],"enhanced":[147],"documentation":[148],"tools":[150],"guide":[152],"developers":[153],"toward":[154],"resource-efficient":[156],"Moreover,":[158],"we":[159,193],"relatively":[162],"simple":[163],"changes":[164],"platform,":[167],"deactivating":[170],"when":[173],"inactive,":[176],"reductions":[180],"execution":[182],"time":[183],"between":[184],"1.1%":[185],"31.6%":[187],"over":[188],"impacted":[190],"Overall,":[192],"envision":[194],"our":[195],"help":[198],"improve":[199],"efficiency":[202],"pipelines.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
