{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367313436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594718","title":"The Security in Optical Wireless Communication: A Survey","display_name":"The Security in Optical Wireless Communication: A Survey","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367313436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3594718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026121963","display_name":"Xiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7392-3477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7392-3477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047427599","display_name":"Griffin Klevering","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2363-5047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Griffin Klevering","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2363-5047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013666525","display_name":"Xinyu Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-7875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan Technological University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-7875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan Technological University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101847575","display_name":"Yiwen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8790-5579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8790-5579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100630881","display_name":"Li Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-8438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-8438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006027092","display_name":"Guan-Hua Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2542-4817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan-Hua Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2542-4817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026121963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97697645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"14s","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7212388515472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.6761124134063721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.633652925491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.5471094250679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.49231112003326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4730367362499237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-security","display_name":"Wireless security","score":0.4645886719226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-wireless","display_name":"Fixed wireless","score":0.4259741008281708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37132877111434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3668227195739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wi-fi-array","display_name":"Wi-Fi array","score":0.3107166588306427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7212388515472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.6761124134063721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.633652925491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.5471094250679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.49231112003326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4730367362499237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776946656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655812","display_name":"Wireless security","level":4,"score":0.4645886719226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58074150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1408468","display_name":"Fixed wireless","level":5,"score":0.4259741008281708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37132877111434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3668227195739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152153834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339878","display_name":"Wi-Fi array","level":4,"score":0.3107166588306427}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3594718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3594718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1027689838","display_name":"EAGER: Systems of Holographic Optical Tags for Scalable and Collaborative Mobile Infrastructures","funder_award_id":"2226888","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G125474634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2226888, CCF-2007159, CNS-1815636, CNS-1814551, and CNS-2153393","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1738941280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1815636","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2511019523","display_name":"CRII: SaTC: Enabling Secure Machine Learning Queries over Encrypted Database in Cloud Computing","funder_award_id":"2153393","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2866858361","display_name":"SHF: Small: An Integrated Hardware-Software Architecture for Efficient, Low-Power, Spatially Collaborative Computing in Augmented Reality","funder_award_id":"2007159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3565905726","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Small: Side-channel Attacks Against Mobile Users: Singularity Detection, Behavior Identification, and Automated Rectification","funder_award_id":"1815636","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4055248249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2153393","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4678789162","display_name":"NeTS: Small: Exploring the Design, Implementation, Operation Issues of Cellular IoT via Formal Analysis and Empirical Validation","funder_award_id":"1814551","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5030741915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2007159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5450969564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1814551","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6044453978","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2226888","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":153,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125708017","https://openalex.org/W137712071","https://openalex.org/W1540714528","https://openalex.org/W1621647796","https://openalex.org/W1733425272","https://openalex.org/W1811605617","https://openalex.org/W1860498259","https://openalex.org/W1926433245","https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W1974240071","https://openalex.org/W2004203064","https://openalex.org/W2026254891","https://openalex.org/W2035769579","https://openalex.org/W2042239046","https://openalex.org/W2043233397","https://openalex.org/W2050304483","https://openalex.org/W2064429425","https://openalex.org/W2068836818","https://openalex.org/W2069556596","https://openalex.org/W2072563372","https://openalex.org/W2081043154","https://openalex.org/W2096151870","https://openalex.org/W2096776475","https://openalex.org/W2100303002","https://openalex.org/W2114636141","https://openalex.org/W2130509920","https://openalex.org/W2134763065","https://openalex.org/W2149329661","https://openalex.org/W2163504740","https://openalex.org/W2171006634","https://openalex.org/W2188247263","https://openalex.org/W2188777350","https://openalex.org/W2294612870","https://openalex.org/W2331529647","https://openalex.org/W2339545726","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2399724898","https://openalex.org/W2462973448","https://openalex.org/W2471301269","https://openalex.org/W2507228165","https://openalex.org/W2507605842","https://openalex.org/W2512859977","https://openalex.org/W2517137055","https://openalex.org/W2523122228","https://openalex.org/W2527483283","https://openalex.org/W2560573232","https://openalex.org/W2566769952","https://openalex.org/W2590440401","https://openalex.org/W2592866080","https://openalex.org/W2594645841","https://openalex.org/W2609035835","https://openalex.org/W2609966559","https://openalex.org/W2610753004","https://openalex.org/W2625614555","https://openalex.org/W2734978383","https://openalex.org/W2736423597","https://openalex.org/W2744225656","https://openalex.org/W2749750670","https://openalex.org/W2757003662","https://openalex.org/W2761317472","https://openalex.org/W2762652370","https://openalex.org/W2770124187","https://openalex.org/W2770224408","https://openalex.org/W2770625920","https://openalex.org/W2770752141","https://openalex.org/W2771747263","https://openalex.org/W2784210264","https://openalex.org/W2793499615","https://openalex.org/W2802295688","https://openalex.org/W2802495557","https://openalex.org/W2804071591","https://openalex.org/W2804239500","https://openalex.org/W2804510986","https://openalex.org/W2808581704","https://openalex.org/W2884147755","https://openalex.org/W2890933473","https://openalex.org/W2899205272","https://openalex.org/W2903076755","https://openalex.org/W2907897161","https://openalex.org/W2909821951","https://openalex.org/W2920484357","https://openalex.org/W2921148895","https://openalex.org/W2928252763","https://openalex.org/W2928469369","https://openalex.org/W2936721700","https://openalex.org/W2942447024","https://openalex.org/W2949672874","https://openalex.org/W2957915633","https://openalex.org/W2962784427","https://openalex.org/W2963336322","https://openalex.org/W2963688708","https://openalex.org/W2964113506","https://openalex.org/W2966869304","https://openalex.org/W2969077220","https://openalex.org/W2972485881","https://openalex.org/W2972860838","https://openalex.org/W2980356457","https://openalex.org/W2989778083","https://openalex.org/W2990809076","https://openalex.org/W2992429927","https://openalex.org/W3000699369","https://openalex.org/W3016299313","https://openalex.org/W3016427599","https://openalex.org/W3016504767","https://openalex.org/W3016600231","https://openalex.org/W3038348096","https://openalex.org/W3039773975","https://openalex.org/W3042536868","https://openalex.org/W3082274055","https://openalex.org/W3087844366","https://openalex.org/W3089875883","https://openalex.org/W3094720772","https://openalex.org/W3096041356","https://openalex.org/W3096625689","https://openalex.org/W3096924870","https://openalex.org/W3100435238","https://openalex.org/W3100993970","https://openalex.org/W3111425279","https://openalex.org/W3120589346","https://openalex.org/W3120658448","https://openalex.org/W3125963663","https://openalex.org/W3128093517","https://openalex.org/W3162924353","https://openalex.org/W3195684093","https://openalex.org/W3207019660","https://openalex.org/W4200025670","https://openalex.org/W4211090415","https://openalex.org/W4213322632","https://openalex.org/W4229649057","https://openalex.org/W4229944666","https://openalex.org/W4235364725","https://openalex.org/W4236332754","https://openalex.org/W4241492172","https://openalex.org/W4244858684","https://openalex.org/W4245531663","https://openalex.org/W4245990204","https://openalex.org/W4246571396","https://openalex.org/W4247336883","https://openalex.org/W4249179025","https://openalex.org/W4249787289","https://openalex.org/W4250926786","https://openalex.org/W4252648908","https://openalex.org/W4255340499","https://openalex.org/W4255501773","https://openalex.org/W4256217385","https://openalex.org/W4256659336","https://openalex.org/W4297924226","https://openalex.org/W4300984571","https://openalex.org/W4302342861","https://openalex.org/W4308947186","https://openalex.org/W4317927990","https://openalex.org/W4387872743","https://openalex.org/W6636382628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120114434","https://openalex.org/W2987766567","https://openalex.org/W1984105319","https://openalex.org/W1757113957","https://openalex.org/W2114304594","https://openalex.org/W2371970860","https://openalex.org/W2328451698","https://openalex.org/W2372446567","https://openalex.org/W1997107282","https://openalex.org/W2379932471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,21,24,99,105,124,140,154,219],"demand":[2],"for":[3,222],"economical":[4],"and":[5,20,34,96,134,149,165,191,212],"high-speed":[6],"wireless":[7,71,113,142,210],"services,":[8],"Optical":[9],"Wireless":[10],"Communication":[11],"(OWC)":[12],"has":[13],"attracted":[14],"increasing":[15],"attention":[16],"in":[17,52,98,123,139,208],"both":[18],"research":[19],"market.":[22],"In":[23],"past":[25],"decades,":[26],"numerous":[27],"optical-related":[28,141,209],"techniques":[29,72],"(e.g.,":[30,36,73],"LEDs,":[31],"displays,":[32],"cameras)":[33],"systems":[35],"VLC,":[37],"LiFi,":[38],"LiDAR)":[39],"have":[40,92,151],"been":[41,153],"invented.":[42],"OWC":[43,106,145,176,224],"techniques,":[44],"which":[45,178],"are":[46,166,201],"considered":[47],"as":[48,55,78,80,110],"a":[49,93,111,172],"competitive":[50],"mechanics":[51],"next-generation":[53],"networks":[54],"an":[56],"alternative":[57],"to":[58,115],"RF":[59],"approaches,":[60],"offer":[61],"10,000":[62],"times":[63],"more":[64],"bandwidth":[65],"than":[66],"conventional":[67],"radio":[68],"frequency":[69],"(RF)-based":[70],"WiFi,":[74],"LoRa,":[75],"Bluetooth,":[76],"LTE),":[77],"well":[79],"tremendous":[81],"spatial":[82],"reuse":[83],"potential":[84],"with":[85],"even":[86],"less":[87],"interference.":[88],"Because":[89],"optical":[90],"communications":[91],"limited":[94],"wavelength":[95],"travel":[97],"line":[100],"of":[101,156,175,180],"sight":[102],"(LoS)":[103],"manner,":[104],"is":[107,128],"commonly":[108],"thought":[109],"secure":[112],"approach":[114],"confine":[116],"light":[117],"transmissions":[118],"within":[119],"physical":[120],"bounds.":[121],"However,":[122,160],"real":[125],"world,":[126],"it":[127],"completely":[129],"untrue.":[130],"The":[131],"privacy":[132],"leakages":[133],"security":[135],"risks":[136,200],"broadly":[137],"exist":[138],"applications":[143,211],"including":[144],"networks.":[146],"These":[147],"threats":[148],"weaknesses":[150],"recently":[152],"subject":[155],"several":[157],"initial":[158],"studies.":[159],"they":[161],"lack":[162],"systematic":[163],"analysis":[164],"isolated.":[167],"This":[168],"survey":[169],"first":[170],"presents":[171],"general":[173],"workflow":[174],"systems,":[177],"consists":[179],"three":[181],"stages:":[182],"before":[183],"signal":[184,188,193],"emission":[185],"(BSE),":[186],"during":[187],"propagation":[189],"(DSP),":[190],"after":[192],"receiving":[194],"(ASV).":[195],"For":[196],"each":[197],"stage,":[198],"related":[199],"reviewed.":[202],"Then,":[203],"we":[204,217],"summarize":[205],"existing":[206],"attacks":[207],"corresponding":[213],"counter-attack":[214],"solutions.":[215],"Finally,":[216],"outline":[218],"future":[220],"trends":[221],"improving":[223],"security.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}